Extensive Air ShowersWorld Scientific, 1998 - Всего страниц: 337 Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays carry information about their sources and the intervening medium apart from providing a beam of particles for studying certain features of high energy interactions currently inaccessible at man-made accelerators. They can at present be studied only via the extensive air showers (EAS's) they generate while passing through the Earth's atmosphere, since their fluxes are too low for the experiments of limited capability flown in balloons and satellites. The EAS is generated by a series of interactions of the primary cosmic ray and its progeny with the atmospheric nuclei. The exponential nature of the atmosphere spreads the air showers laterally over several hundreds of meters, thus enabling ground-based arrays of relatively inexpensive detectors to record and study them.This book describes the EAS phenomenology, the detectors and techniques used, and the latest results on the energy spectrum and composition of the primaries of EAS's and the results on high energy interactions obtained from EAS studies. It also describes the new TeV and PeV gamma ray astronomy (which has been developing over the past decade) and the newly emerging neutrino astronomy, which are related to the origin of cosmic rays.This book serves as an introduction as well as a reference for researchers in the field. |
Содержание
Discovery 115 | 1 |
Techniques | 3 |
Phenomenology | 9 |
Surface and Deep Underground Installations Operated in | 51 |
High Energy Interactions | 78 |
Primary Composition | 133 |
Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays | 205 |
Gamma Ray Astronomy | 242 |
Neutrino Astronomy | 295 |
Cosmic Ray Sources | 303 |
Conclusions | 315 |
B Monte Carlo Simulation of Extreme Air Showers | 321 |
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
AGASA air shower array Akeno Akeno group altitudes arrival directions atmospheric depth baryons Cerenkov light cm² collisions component composition core distance Cosmic Ray Conference counters Crab cross section curve decay density detected EAS-TOP electrons emission emulsion chamber energy range energy region energy spectrum estimated experiment Extensive Air Showers Figure flux Fly's Eye function hadrons Haverah Park high energy muons hodoscope interaction mean free International Cosmic Ray ionization iron kaons lateral distribution Linsley low energy mass number mean free path measured mesons Monte Carlo simulations multiplicity muon detectors muons muons of energy neutrinos nuclear nucleon number of muons number of particles observed obtained parameters photodisintegration photomultiplier Phys pions primary energy primary energy spectrum Proc produced protons pulsar pulse radiation length shower maximum shower size spectrum shown in Fig spectra Tata group TeV gamma rays Yakutsk zenith angle