Foundations of the Atomic Theory: Comprising Papers and Extracts by John Dalton, William Hyde Wollaston, M. D., and Thomas Thomson, M. D. (1802-1808)W.F. Clay, 1893 - Всего страниц: 48 |
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Foundations of the Atomic Theory: Comprising Papers and Extracts by John ... John Dalton Полный просмотр - 1893 |
Foundations of the Atomic Theory: Comprising Papers and Extracts by John ... John Dalton Полный просмотр - 1893 |
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absorption of gases affinity alkali aqueous vapour ascertained atmo atmospheric air atom of A+ atom of azote atom of hydrogen atom of nitrous atom of oxygen azote and oxygen azotic gas binary compound bodies bulk carbonate of potash carbonic acid gas cent chemical combinations common air composed constitution contains crystallized density different gases distance Dr Priestley earth's surface elastic fluids equal experiments facts force of vapour gaseous given volume grain measures grains hydrogen gas hypothesis impregnated inches inches of mercury JOHN DALTON liquid measures of common mercury mixture muriatic nearly nitric acid nitrous gas nitrous oxide observed obtained oxalic acid oxygen united oxygenous gas particle of gas particles of water phial quantity of nitrous quantity of water red heat relative weights residuary gas residuum respectively simple specific gravity stratum strontian sulphurets super-oxalate supposed temperature ternary compound THOMAS THOMSON tion tube ultimate particles vessel WILLIAM HYDE WOLLASTON
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Стр. 31 - ... and oxygen, weighing 26 ; 4th. That carbonic oxide is a binary compound, consisting of one atom of charcoal, and one of oxygen, together weighing nearly 12; that carbonic acid is a ternary compound, (but sometimes binary) consisting of one atom of charcoal, and two of oxygen, weighing 19; &c. &c. In all these cases the weights are expressed in atoms of hydrogen, each of which is denoted by unity.
Стр. 26 - An enquiry into the relative weights of the ultimate particles of bodies is a subject, as far as I know, entirely new: I have lately been prosecuting this enquiry with remarkable success. The principle cannot be entered upon in this paper; but I shall just subjoin the results, as far as they appear to be ascertained by my experiments.
Стр. 34 - Soda and potash, such as they are found in combination with acids, are 28 and 42 respectively in weight; but according to Mr. Davy's very important discoveries, they are metallic oxides; the former then must be considered as composed of an atom of metal, 21, and one of oxygen, 7; and the latter, of an atom of metal, 35, and one of oxygen, 7. Or, soda contains 75 per cent. metal and 25 oxygen; potash, 83.3 metal and 16.7 oxygen. It is particularly remarkable, that according to the abovementioned gentleman's...
Стр. 29 - Chemical analysis and synthesis go no further than to the separation of particles one from another, and to their reunion. No new creation or destruction of matter is within the reach of chemical agency. We might as well attempt to introduce a new planet into the solar system, or to annihilate one already in existence, as to create or destroy a particle of hydrogen. All the changes we can produce consist in separating particles that are in a state of cohesion or combination, and joining those that...
Стр. 29 - But unfortunately the enquiry has terminated here ; whereas from the relative weights in the mass, the relative weights of the ultimate particles or atoms of the bodies might have been inferred, from which their number and weight in various other compounds would appear, in order to assist and to guide future investigations, and to correct their results. Now it is one great object of this work, to show the importance and advantage of ascertaining the relative weights of the ultimate particles, both...
Стр. 28 - When any body exists in the elastic state, its ultimate particles are separated from each other to a much greater distance than in any other state ; each particle occupies the centre of a comparatively large sphere, and supports its dignity by keeping all the rest, which by their gravity, or otherwise, are disposed to encroach upon it, at a respectful distance.
Стр. 27 - These observations have tacitly led to the conclusion which seems universally adopted, that all bodies of sensible magnitude, whether liquid or solid, are constituted of a vast number of extremely small particles, or atoms of matter, bound together by a force of attraction, which is more or less powerful according to circumstances, and which, as it endeavours to prevent their separation, is very properly called in that view, attraction of cohesion; but as it collects them from a dispersed state (as...
Стр. 30 - The following general rules may be adopted as guides in all our investigations respecting chemical synthesis. 1st. When only one combination of two bodies can be obtained, it must be presumed to be a binary one, unless some cause appear to the contrary.
Стр. 31 - The elements or atoms of such bodies are conceived at present to be simple, are denoted by a small circle, with some distinctive mark; and the combinations consist in the juxta-position of two or more of these...
Стр. 30 - When three combinations are obtained, we may expect one to be a binary, and the other two ternary. 4th. When four combinations are observed, we should expect one binary, two ternary, and one quaternary, etc.