Notes on Practical Road Making and Repairing, for the Information of Surveyors, to be Appointed Under the New Highway Act of 18621863 - Всего страниц: 23 |
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Notes on Practical Road Making and Repairing, for the Information of ... John Loudon McAdam Недоступно для просмотра - 2016 |
Notes on Practical Road Making and Repairing, for the Information of ... John Loudon McAdam Недоступно для просмотра - 2017 |
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angular applied basalt break brittle substance broken stone causes the draught centre to centre CHARLES PENFOLD clay cleanse cost course cubic yard depth dirt displace effect exceed six ounces expense flint foundation frost granite hard substance heavy highways inch and quarter inconveniences incurred injury JOHN LOUDON M'ADAM keep kingdom labour large stones larger lay on materials lift and relay Limestones longitudinally metal mode native soil necessary observed obtained one-sided road operation pass pebbles pernicious matter pieces portion pound weight practice herein described prepared principle produced quarter sieve rake rendered road becomes road is liable road-making road-stone rod superficial ruts Scotland scraping section sharper shillings side sifted small hammers smaller smooth soft and powerless solid stone sorting sound spread stone's thickness subsoil substance of road substratum surveyor thick coat three-quarter inch sieve tougher the nature traffic trench twelve inches under-drain UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN water-tables
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Стр. 7 - The practice common in England, and universal in Scotland, on the formation of a new road, is, to dig a trench below the surface of the ground adjoining, and in this trench to deposit a quantity of large stones ; after this, a second quantity of stone, broken smaller, generally to about seven or eight pounds weight...
Стр. 6 - The roads can never be rendered thus perfectly secure until the following principles be fully understood, admitted, and acted upon — namely, that it is the native soil which really. supports the weight of traffic, that while it is preserved in a dry state it will carry any weight without sinking...
Стр. 4 - The size of stone used on a road must be in due proportion to the space occupied by a wheel of ordinary dimensions on a smooth level surface, this point of contact will be found to be, longitudinally about an inch, and every piece of stone put into a road, which exceeds an inch in any of its dimensions, is mischievous.
Стр. 5 - Every road is to be made of broken stone without mixture of earth, clay, chalk, or any other matter that will imbibe water, and be affected with frost ; nothing is to be laid on the clean stone on pretence of binding ; broken stone will combine by its own angles into a smooth solid surface that cannot be affected by vicissitudes of weather, or displaced by the action of wheels, which will pass over it without a jolt, and consequently without injury.
Стр. 7 - It has also been found, that roads placed upon a hard bottom, wear away more quickly than those which are placed upon a soft soil. This has been apparent upon roads where motives of economy, or other causes, have prevented the road being lifted to the bottom at once ; the wear has always been found to diminish, as soon as it was possible to remove the hard foundation. It is a known fact, that a road lasts much longer over a morass than when made over rock. The...
Стр. 8 - Having secured the soil from under water, the road-maker is next to secure it from rain water, by a solid road, made of clean, dry stone, or flint, so selected, prepared, and laid, as to be perfectly impervious to water : and this cannot be effected, unless the greatest care be taken, that no earth, clay, chalk, or other matter, that will hold or conduct water, be mixed with the broken stone ; which must be so prepared and laid, as to unite by its own apgles into a firm, compact, impenetrable body.
Стр. 16 - If there be substance enough already in the road, and which, indeed, should always be carefully kept up, it will never be right to put on more than a stone's thickness at a time. A cubic yard nicely prepared and broken, as before described, to a rod superficial, will be quite enough for a coat, and if accurately noticed, will be found to last as long as double the quantity put on unprepared and in thick layers. There is no grinding to pieces when so applied ; the angles are preserved, and the material...
Стр. 6 - ... to preserve it in that dry state ; that the thickness of a road should only be regulated by the quantity of material necessary to form such impervious covering, and never by any reference to its own power of carrying weight.
Стр. 6 - The erroneous opinion so long acted upon, and so tenaciously adhered to, that by placing a large quantity of stone under the roads, a remedy will be found for the sinking into wet clay, or other soft soils, or in other words, that a road may be made sufficiently strong, artificially, to carry heavy carriages, though the sub-soil be in a wet state, and by such means to avert the inconveniences of the natural soil receiving water from rain, or other causes, has produced most of the defects of the roads...
Стр. 4 - The stone already in theroad is to be loosened up andbroken, so as no piece shall exceed six ounces in weight. The road is then to be laid as flat as possible, a rise of three inches from the centre to the side is sufficient for a road thirty feet wide.