Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly

abdomens Abies religiosa Ackery aggregations April arch butterfly Asclepias asperula Asteraceae Australia autumn behavior biology birds Boppré breeding butterflies reared butterfly Danaus plexippus California Calvert cardenolide content cardenolide glycosides Chemical Ecology Chincua chrysippus concentrations conservation County Danaidae danaines Danaus plexippus digitoxigenin dry weight eggs ejidatarios Entomological Euploea Euploea core feeding females flight Florida food plants forest habitat hairpencils hamata Herman host plants insects ippus Ithomiinae James Kitching L.P. Brower larvae latitude Lepidoptera Lepidopterists lipid main cohort Malcolm males mating melanotis Mexican Mexico Michoacán migratory milkweed Milkweed butterflies monarch butterfly Danaus monarch overwintering North America Nymphalidae overwintering monarch butterflies overwintering sites oviposition oviposition date patches pheromone population predators queen butterfly queens range recaptures remigration reproductive samples Santa Barbara season sex ratio shivering southern southern United species spermatophores spring syriaca Table temperatures terflies thermoregulation tion trees tulliolus Urquhart viceroys viridis volume winter Zalucki