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the parties that the controversy ought to be deci- | which we are told, by the best authority, is to be ded; and the only mode in which such a deci- used against us. It is still as desirable and as sion can be obtained, with a perfect safety to the possible as it has ever been, that the question honor of both states, is by the arbitration of a should be settled by an equitable arrangement, third power. This is the expedient which the sanctioned, if necessary, by an arbitration. But British government has more than once urged on if the American cabinet slinks back into that that of the United States. inactivity of which we now thoroughly understand the meaning and the motive, it becomes the British ministers to put an end to a convention that only affords a cloak for hostile designs against a British province, which have been already openly avowed by the President of the United States, and are only postponed by the superior craft of other American statesmen.

We have already stated, on a former occasion, what, in our opinion, ought to be the alternative namely, a notice on the part of the British government, that the convention of 1827 shall terminate at the expiration of twelve months. But this opinion, which has not been lightly taken up, receives the strongest corroboration from the language used by Mr. Calhoun, in January, 1843. Assuming the rights of the two nations in Oregon to be equal, and the resolution to defend those rights to be on both sides the same, the late American Secretary of State pointed out to the Senate, in the most forcible language, the absolute impossibility of sustaining a contest with Great Britain at the present time in and for the Oregon territory. That coast is separated from our mighty eastern establishments by only a few weeks' sail across the Pacific; an American squadron must circumnavigate Cape Horn by a route of 18,000 miles before it could reach the Columbia. By land the difficulties are still more insurmountable; for who ever transported an army across 1,200 miles of pathless desert, where the only food to be obtained is the game still in undisturbed possession of those midland solitudes? The country is, as we have repeatedly observed, inaccessible to any people or any forces but our own; and moreover, it is already in the possession of our Hudson's Bay Company.

"But," says Mr. Calhoun, after establishing these certain, though unpalatable facts, "the way by which Oregon can be secured is to bide our time. All we want to effect our object in this, is wise and masterly inactivity." He repeats Mr. Greenhow's recommendation, which we quoted on a former occasion, to let the matter rest until the forces of the claimants are somewhat more equal than they are at present; and this is the only argument, be it observed, which has been used to restrain the American people. If you snatch at it, they are told, it is lost; if you wait, it is yours. And is this argument to be lost upon us? Can we doubt that if this aggressive policy is bequeathed to another generation of Americans it will be faithfully carried out against another generation of Englishmen? Are we to stand unmoved, or to wait with stolid complaisance, because our aggressor tells us he is not quite strong enough at present to fulfil his intentions and wrest a province from the dominions of the crown? Are these fair conditions of joint occupancy, or an honest interpretation of an amicable convention? Fortunately for ourselves, Mr. Polk thought fit to throw off this "wise and masterly inactivity," and to tell the citizens of the United States that he is prepared to use all his constitutional powers for the immediate prosecution of what he terms their clear and unquestionable rights. It might have appeared overbearing if this country had availed herself of the superior advantages of her position to demand a settlement of the Oregon question, and had used menacing language in case of a refusal. But these pretensions have been raised by the other, and, as we believe, the weaker side-weaker both as to the merits of the case and as to the power of supporting it. The time for inactivity is past, for that is the very weapon

From Bell's Messenger, 17 May. OUR RELATIONS WITH AMERICA.-American papers have arrived to a late date, and we are happy to say that they fully justify our anticipation that there is no fear of war between Great Britain and the United States. Indeed, as regards the American government, all common sense was opposed to such an apprehension. As the Oregon district is the terminus with the Western American boundary, there is absolutely nothing but the physical difficulties of the journey to prevent the immigra tion of American citizens in any numbers or at any time, and there is not a power on earth which could prevent their settlement in this disputed district at pleasure. There is nothing to prevent them going either singly or in masses, and there is no power can reach them to prevent their settlement, or afterwards to dispossess them. They are wholly beyond the reach of fleets and armies. Under such circumstances it is obvious that nothing is wanting but time to put them in as full an occupation of the country as they could desire. Mr. Calhoun, one of the oldest members of Congress, seems fully aware of this circumstance, and in answer to a former proposal for more decided measures upon this point, concluded his speech with the following emphatic words: If the house would take my advice, they will let the matter rest, until by the course of time the forces of the claimants become more equal than they are at present. The way by which Oregon is to be secured is to bide our time. All we want to effect our object in this case is a wise and masterly inactivity.'

The majority of the American papers now arrived, entirely adopt this view of the case. "We do not believe," says one of them, "that there is any hazard of war. The question is preeminently one for arbitration. Great Britain, as heretofore, has offered to submit it to arbitration under the most liberal conditions. Should this offer be renewed, we have no hesitation in saying that it should be at once accepted. We should run no risk of losing anything to which we have a right; and when rights are conflicting, mutual concessions which a neutral party would deem just, should then reconcile them."

If it should be objected that the British government is now so committed, that in point of honor and dignity we cannot ourselves come forward with this offer, the American papers here also afford a very satisfactory answer; so far at least as regards the leading point that, in fact, there is no apprehension of any war. It appears by the journals now arrived, that the American government itself is about to imitate this proposal of referring the whole matter to arbitration, and some of them proceed to the length of stating that Mr. Van Buren has been selected as the Minister to England for this purpose. Our own opinion is that it will come to this.

From Chambers' Journal.
DR. EDWARD JENNER.

pose. For twenty years he brooded over the subject, collected facts, and made experiments; till at last, being fully convinced in his own mind that he had compassed the whole bearings of the sub

great discovery as a gift to mankind. The conclusions to which he arrived were as follows:

The disease called variola, or small-pox, is common to man, and to several of our domestic animals, as the cow, horse, goat, &c.; but while in man it presents a severe and virulent disease, in passing through the system of brutes it becomes a mild and innocent affection.

THIS celebrated man, the discoverer of the art of vaccination, was born in the vicarage of Berke-ject, he came to the resolution of presenting the ley, in Gloucestershire, on the 17th of May, 1749. He was the third son of the vicar, and his mother was descended from an ancient and respectable family in the neighborhood. Losing his father at an early age, he was indebted for his education to the care and solicitude of an elder brother. Young Jenner chose the profession of medicine, and after acquiring the elements of the art at Sodbury, near Bristol, he went to London, and became a pupil and inmate of the celebrated John Hunter. From this enthusiastic and successful cultivator of the science of life Jenner caught the true art of philosophic investigation. They instantly became friends, and this friendship continued during life. Having finished his preliminary studies, he now returned to his native village to practise his profession. Other offers were then and subsequently held out to him, but his love of the country made him proof against them all. He was indeed a true lover of nature. With an inquiring and ever active mind, which prompted him to the investigation of nature's works, he had also that deep feeling of the beautiful and fair which accompanies a poetic temperament. His professional journeys through the district were lightened and diversified by scientific pursuits, and many of his leisure hours devoted to discoveries in natural history. His remarks on the singular and anomalous habits of the cuckoo excited the attention of the members of the Royal Society, and found a place in their printed transactions.

The heels of horses are often affected with this disease, which, though frequently accompanied by what is called grease, is not identical with this latter. If a portion of the matter from the vesicles or little blisters on the heel of the horse, be taken and applied to the nipples of the cow, the peculiar disease is communicated to the cow; or, on the other hand, the horse may be infected from the cow. Matter taken from the vesicle of the horse or the cow, and inserted below the skin of the human subject, produces there a similar vesicle of a peculiar nature, which, running its course, protects the individual from an attack of the smallpox.

In order to insure complete success in this operation, certain cautions are necessary. The lymph must be taken before the expiry of a certain number of days, and the person to be vaccinated must be free from any other disease of the skin. Unless these conditions are attended to, a true vaccine disease will not be produced, and consequently no protection will follow.

In the true small-pox, it is a well-ascertained fact, that occasionally there are cases where persons who have gone through the disease regularly have again been seized with a second attack.

The same thing holds true with cow-pox. Although the great majority of those vaccinated are forever afterwards protected from the disease, yet cases occur where, after vaccination, an attack of small-pox has followed.

But one subject took possession of his mind, and engrossed his chief attention even from his earliest youth. In the great dairy county of Gloucestershire, where his inclination, and, it may be said, his destiny had placed him for a great purpose, it was a prevalent opinion that a disease was communicated from the teats of the cows to the hands of their milkers, by which the latter were ever afterwards protected from Vaccination, then, though not an absolute and small-pox. While Jenner was a student at Sod-universal protection, is as much so as small-pox is bury, a young country woman came to seek ad- from a second attack of the same; with this imvice. The subject of small-pox was mentioned portant recommendation, that it substitutes a mild in her presence: she immediately observed, "I and harmless affection, or rather, it may be called, cannot take that disease, for I have had cow- a remedy, for a violent and dangerous disease. pox." This incident riveted the attention of Jenner, and the impression then made took full possession of his mind, and was never effaced. He communicated his views some time afterwards to John Hunter, who, although he had not turned Such are briefly the conclusions to which Jenhis mind to the subject, was far from stifling any ner had arrived at this early period of his investiinquiry of the kind, and who, in his character- gations; and as a proof of his superior sagacity istic way, replied to the young philosopher, and accuracy of observation, it may be stated that Don't think, but try; be patient, be accurate.' little more has ever been added to his great disFrom his professional friends in the country, how-covery, and that subsequent experience has only ever, his theory met with nothing but discourage-illustrated the truth of his opinions and the efficacy ment: they, too, as well as Jenner, had heard the of his practice.

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Even in those rare cases where small-pox occurs after the most careful vaccination, the disease is always mitigated, and very rarely proves fatal.

vulgar reports of the country people; but the cir- The first "Inquiry into the Nature of Cowcumstance was so out of the common routine, that Pox," published by Jenner, was a calm, philothey gave it no credit, and never thought of put-sophical, and extremely modest statement of his ting it to the test of experiment. In vain did Jenner urge on the discussion of the subject at their professional meetings-they refused to listen, and even laughed him to scorn. But Jenner, though he was thus compelled to fall back upon his own solitary thoughts, was not the character thus to be persuaded from his pursuit; like every man destined to achieve great things, he was firm of pur

discoveries; and perhaps on this account it was received with the greater favor by the reflecting portion of the public. Some writers have hinted that he too sanguinely maintained the efficacy of cow-pox, and its future power of totally extirpating small-pox. Some degree of enthusiasm might be pardoned in the original discoverer of such a remedy; but on candidly comparing Jen

statements.

ner's conclusion with the facts which have subse- | voluntarily to the simple and harmless process. quently occurred, there seems nothing over- That process, which in a few years afterwards strained, and little that can be deducted from his millions of individuals eagerly availed themselves of, could not be exhibited, even for a bribe, in a In the spring of 1780, while riding in company single being. It was only after his return home with one of his earliest and dearest friends, his that Mr. Cline, the surgeon, almost clandestinely mind being full of the subject, he ventured to un- inserted the matter into a patient, by way of an bosom himself of his cherished hopes and anticipa-issue for a diseased joint! Yet it is a wise protions; and after a detail of his opinions-" Gard- vision of affairs in this world, that truth will at ner," said he, "I have intrusted a most important last and infallibly prevail. The subject of vaccinamatter to you, which I firmly believe will prove tion began to engross public attention; and although of essential benefit to the human race. I know many were incredulous, and scoffed at the matter, you, and should not wish what I have stated to be as is ever the case with what is new and uncombrought into conversation; for should anything mon, yet many, on the other hand, had faith to untoward turn up in my experiments, I should be make trial of it; and finding success attend their made, particularly by my medical brethren, the experiments, the practice of vaccination extended subject of ridicule, for I am the mark they all on all hands. But there never was a discoverer shoot at." yet who has not in a greater or less degree sufIt was not, however, till 1796, on the 14th day fered martyrdom-the ignorant, the envious, the of May, that the first attempt was made to con- narrow-minded, the purely malicious, forever hang vey, by artificial means, the vaccine virus from on the footsteps of the discoverer, irritating and one person to another. On that day Jenner took obstructing his progress, and raising a clamor in some matter from the hand of Sarah Nelones, which they hope the sober and subdued voice of who had been infected by her master's cow, and truth will be drowned. Poor Jenner passed many inserted it by two slight scratches of a lancet into harassing days and sleepless nights, less fearful the arms of James Phipps, a healthy boy of eight about the wreck of his own honest fame, than for years of age. The disease took effect, and went the success of his great and darling project. He through its stages in the most regular and satis- had to answer every blunderer, who, in spite of factory manner. But now the most agitating the plainest directions, was sure always to go part of the experiment remained: it was neces- wrong in the most essential points-every failure sary to ascertain whether this boy was secured of every careless experimenter was laid to his from the infection of small-pox. In the following door-he was caricatured as a magician, who by July, variolous matter was carefully inserted into and by would turn the human race into cows; his skin by various incisions, and to the delight and, baser than all, some of those who at one and satisfaction of Jenner no disease followed-time scoffed at his theories, and despised his atthe protection was complete. He now pursued tempts to put them into practice, now endeavored his experiments with redoubled ardor: the goal to avert the discovery from Jenner entirely, if not of all his ardent hopes was seen close at hand. to appropriate it to themselves. Yet time and It was his custom at this time to meditate much circumstances, and his own tact and perseverance, as he rambled in the meadows under the castle of seconded by his unyielding confidence in his opinBerkeley. He has left us a picture of his feel- ions, brought him many friends and supporters. ings at this period full of interest :-"While the" The drop of pearl upon a rose-bud," as he povaccine discovery was progressive, the joy I felt etically described the vaccine vesicle to the great at the prospect before me of being the instrument statesman Fox, was such a simple, and easy, and destined to take away from the world one of its beautiful substitute for the loathsome and dreaded greatest calamities, blended with the fond hope blotches of small-pox, that the public at large, and of enjoying independence and domestic peace and more particularly the female part of it, became the happiness, was often so excessive, that, in pursu- warm and active propagators of the limpid virus. ing my favorite subject among the meadows, I From Britain the practice extended rapidly to the have sometimes found myself in a kind of reverie. continent. In America, the early cases were It is pleasant to me to recollect that these reflec- most successful; and at last the remotest countions always ended in devout acknowledgments tries in the world began to share its benefits, till to that Being from whom this and all other mer- there was not a corner of the peopled globe where cies flow."* the name of Jenner did not become familiar, and It was in 1798 that Jenner's discovery was first where his life-preserving process was not eagerly published. His intention was, that it should have adopted. Among the many honors and acknowlappeared in the Transactions of the Royal Soci-edgments which now and afterwards continued to ety; but the subject was so strange, so novel, and, withal, so improbable, that some of the learned members hinted in a friendly manner that he should be cautious not to diminish, by any other doubtful discovery, the partial fame which his account of the cuckoo had already gained him. Such facts as these impart some idea of the difficulties his discovery was doomed to encounter. On the publication of his "Inquiry," he proceeded to London in person, in order to exhibit to the profession there his process of vaccination, and the success attending it. But-will it be believed?-he remained two months there, and at last returned home without getting any medical man to make trial of it, or any patient to submit

* Barron.

be poured in upon him, not the least interesting was a document from a race of the North American Indians, authenticated by the symbolical signatures of their chiefs.

The discovery of vaccination now evidently appeared as a manifest boon to mankind. In several countries on the continent of Europe, where the nature of the government allowed of a free control over the habits of the people, the practice of vaccination was so systematically pursued, that small-pox was almost entirely eradicated. In the British navy and army, under a similar surveillance, small-pox was also unknown; but though in the British dominions several vaccinating boards were instituted, yet from the habits of the people, and the absence of a compulsory law, vaccination

was not there, and never yet has been, so com- formed. In his dress he was peculiarly neat, and plete and universal as to banish entirely the lurk- everything about him showed the man intent and ing malady of small-pox from our shores.

serious, and well prepared to meet the duties of Considering, however, what devotion Jenner his calling. When I first saw him, it was on had bestowed on the subject, both theoretically Frampton Green. I was somewhat his junior in and practically; considering the generous and years, and had heard so much of Jenner of Berkedisinterested manner in which, the moment that ley, that I had no small curiosity to see him. He he became acquainted with its perfect efficacy, he was dressed in a blue coat and yellow buttons, hastened to lay his discovery before the world, his buckskins, well polished jockey boots, with handclaim to a national compensation and reward could some silver spurs, and he carried a smart whip no longer be denied. In 1802 a committee of par- with a silver handle. His hair, after the fashion liament was appointed to investigate his discovery, of the times, was done up in a club, and he wore and decide on a remuneration. Of the many a broad-brimmed hat. We were introduced on claimants on national bounty, few ever came for- that occasion, and I was delighted and astonished. ward with better pretensions than Jenner. Yet I was prepared to find an accomplished man, and much caution was employed; and, in the first all the country spoke of him as a skilful surgeon instance, a grant of only £10,000 was voted, and a great naturalist; but I did not expect to subject to the delays and deductions of fees find him so much at home in other matters. I, with which such grants are too often encum-who had been spending my time in cultivating my bered. This, as Jenner and his friends affirmed, judgment by abstract study, and smit from my was barely equal to the expenses he incurred, childhood with the love of song, had sought my considering his multifarious correspondence, as amusement in the rosy fields of imagination, was well as his relinquishment of private practice, not less surprised than gratified to find that the and the actual toil of responding to the que- ancient affinity between Apollo and Esculapius rists from every region of the globe. Yet it is was so well maintained in his person." At a later not to be wondered at if parliament had a wary period, his biographer, Dr. Barron, then a young suspicion of the reports of cures of any kind; for man, thus gives an account of a first interview who does not hear of wonderful cures accom- with him. 'He was living at Fladong's hotel, plished every day, and well-authenticated also, Oxford street, in the summer of 1808, making and yet experience, or further inquiry, proves arrangements for the national vaccine establishthem all ultimately fallacious; nor could it be for- ment. The greatness of his fame, his exalted gotten that half a century had not elapsed since talents, and the honors heaped upon him by all the the same parliament voted its thousands for a nos- most distinguished public bodies of the civilized trum which was utterly worthless. Happily for world, while they made me desirous of offering the fame of the legislature, however, and for the my tribute of respect to him, forbade the expectahonor of the country in all future times, in the tion of more than such an acknowledgment as a present instance it judged aright even its caution youth circumstanced as I was might have exwas commendable and allowing an interval of pected. I soon, however, perceived that I had to five more years, a further grant of £20,000 re-do with an individual who did not square his mandeemed their sense of the progressive importance ners by the cold formality of the world. He conand continued efficacy of the vaccine discovery. descended as to an equal. The restraint and emIn the mean time, Jenner had taken up his resi-barrassment that might naturally have been felt in dence in London, with a view to the better further-the presence of one so eminent, vanished in an inance of the interests of vaccination, and with an stant. The simple dignity of his aspect, the kind idea of establishing himself in practice in the and familiar tone of his language, and the perfect metropolis. But his was not a character fitted for sincerity and good faith manifested in all he said the artificial bustle of the vast city, or the jarring and did, could not fail to win the heart of any one conflicts of professional interests; his mind sick-not insensible to such qualities. He was dressed ened amid the smoke, as one of his own meadow in a blue coat, white waistcoat, and nankeens. cowslips would have done, and he hastened back to his fields and his pure country air, and never left his beloved village again.

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All the tables in his apartment were covered with letters and papers on the subject of vaccination. He spoke with great good humor of the conduct But he did not return to apathy or indolence. of the anti-vaccinists, and gave me some pamphlets In London some finessing on the part of his pro- illustrative of the controversy then carrying on. fessional brethren prevented him from acting as The day before I saw him, he had had an interdirector of the national vaccine board, to which he view with the Princess of Wales, and he showed had been in the first instance appointed; but now, me a watch which her royal highness had prein his own words, he retired to be "director-gen-sented to him on that occasion." The same friend, eral to the world." In addition to this, the coun- at a much later period of their acquaintance, again try people from all the districts around flocked to him for the benefits of vaccination, and his time and skill were ever at the service of the poor. He now, too, enjoyed his favorite pursuits of the study of nature, and shared his leisure hours among his fossils, his birds, his flowers, and the society of his family and his friends. Of every man who has achieved great things, we have a desire to know something not only of his thoughts and habits, but of his personal appearance. An early sketch of Jenner is thus given by his friend Gard

ner.

"His height was rather under the middle size; his person was robust but active, and well

remarks-" Dr. Jenner's personal appearance to a stranger at first sight was not very striking: but it was impossible to observe him, even for a few moments, without discovering those peculiarities which distinguished him from all others. The first things that a stranger would remark were the gentleness, the simplicity, the artlessness of his manner. There was a total absence of all ostentation or display, so much so, that in the ordinary intercourse of society he appeared as a person who had no claims to notice. He was perfectly unreserved, and free from all guile. He carried his heart and his mind so openly, so undisguisedly, that all might read them. His profes

sional avocations, and the nature of his pursuits, died suddenly of apoplexy, in the 74th year of obliged him to conduct his inquiries in a desultory his age. He lies buried in the chancel of the way. At no period of his life could he give him- church at Berkeley, where a monument has been self up to continued or protracted attention to one erected to his memory by his professional brethobject there was, nevertheless, a steadiness in ren. working out his researches amid all the breaks and interruptions which he met with, that can only belong to minds constituted as his was."

It is now almost half a century since the first introduction of vaccination, and at least forty years since its general adoption—a sufficient time, one With all the simple and genial qualities of an would think, to test its efficacy, and yet there are unsophisticated heart, Jenner had, when the oc- several circumstances relating to it which have casion required, all the firmness and dignity be- not yet been definitely determined. In the first coming a man conscious of the possession of talent. place, it cannot be denied that on the whole it has On one occasion, in the drawing-room of St. been a successful remedy, and that it has produced James', he chanced to overhear a noble lord men- a remarkable effect on the general population. tion his name, and repeat the idle calumny which Small-pox, if it has not been entirely eradicated, had got abroad, that he himself had not really con- has been disarmed of most of its terrors; and notfidence in vaccination. He with much prompti-withstanding the cases of failure of protection from tude refuted the charge, and stepping up to the its ravages which occasionally occur, yet the genenoble lord, to whom he was unknown, calmly ral confidence never has been withdrawn from the observed, "I am Dr. Jenner." Any unpleasant practice of vaccination. recollection of this circumstance was most likely, on the part of Jenner, soon dissipated; but not so with the noble statesman; his remarks some time afterwards, in his place in parliament, when Jenner's claims came to be discussed, showed that he had not forgotten it.

Both before and since the death of Dr. Jenner, it became known that cases sometimes occurred where persons who had been vaccinated were seized with small-pox. At first, it was supposed that those cases were instances where vaccination had not taken proper effect, either from an imperWhen the continental sovereigns visited Lon- fect quality of the virus used in vaccination, or don in 1814, Jenner was presented to the Emperor from a peculiar habit of the person vaccinated. Alexander of Russia by his sister, the grand But it was afterwards ascertained that persons in duchess of Oldenburg. In describing this inter- whom the process had been practised with the view, he says, "I was very graciously received, utmost care, and in whom the disease appeared to and was probably the first man who had ever go through its course in the most favorable mandared to contradict the autocrat. He said, 'Dr. ner, were yet not protected from small-pox. It Jenner, your feelings must be delightful. The is true, in all these cases of seizure the affection consciousness of having so much benefitted your was of a much milder kind than even the inocurace must be a never failing source of pleasure, lated small-pox, and in a very small proportion inand I am happy to think that you have received deed did death occur, perhaps not one case in sevthe thanks, the applause, and the gratitude of the eral thousands; yet there could be no doubt but world.' I replied to his majesty that my feelings that the disease was in reality true small-pox, unwere such as he described, and that I had re-der a mild and modified form. ceived the thanks and the applause, but not the gratitude of the world. His face flushed; he said no more; but my daring seemed to give displeasure. In a short time, however, he forgot it, and gave me a trait of character which showed both great goodness of heart and knowledge of human nature. My inquiries respecting disease of the lungs had reached the ears of the grand duchess, the most interesting being that I had ever met with in a station so elevated. She was present, and requested me to tell to her brother, the emperor, what I had formerly said to her imperial highness. In the course of my remarks I became embarrassed. She observed this, and so did the emperor Dr. Jenner,' said she, 'you do not tell my brother what you have to say so accurately as you told me.' I excused myself by saying that I was not accustomed to speak in such a presence. His majesty grasped me by the hand, and held on for some time, not quitting me till my confidence was restored by this warm-hearted and kind expression of his consideration."

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It became evident, then, that there were exceptions to the universal protection against small-pox, and that this disease might occur after vaccination, just as an individual might be seized with a second attack of small-pox. This was a fact known to Dr. Jenner even before he gave his discovery to the world. In his early pursuit of the inquiry he was much staggered by it, but further experience enabled him to perceive that it was only an exception to a general rule; and all experience since, both in public vaccine institutions and in private practice, has only tended to confirm it.

Seeing, then, that such exceptions from time to time continued to occur, and as they multiplied in number by time and the general diffusion of vaccination, another question began to be agitatedwhether the vaccine matter, by passing through innumerable human beings, had not lost its character and consequent efficacy; and whether it would not be necessary again to have recourse to the cow?

The most experienced vaccinators seem to give As his life was an active and benevolent, so, on no countenance to this opinion. They affirm that the whole, may it be termed a prosperous and a the character of the vaccine vesicle is exactly the comparatively happy one. Latterly, he had do- same, and its development, in all its stages, as mestic afflictions, which to a sensitive heart are regular and complete as it was when first discovthe heaviest of sorrows. He lost his favorite son, ered; and that, when compared with vesicles prohis newly-married daughter, and at last his amia- duced by matter directly from the cow, there is ble wife, whose delicate constitution he had tended no difference; that even in the early stages of the with all the assiduity which deep affection and re-employment of vaccination, failures, as already spect could dictate. He reached a good old age, stated, began to appear; and that these failures with his general health and mental powers unim- are probably not more in proportion now than they paired to the last. On the 26th January, 1823, he were then.

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