the best we ever read, and we believe, the most | motion. There are other still higher forms, as the intelligible ever written. perpetual-spiral, properly the vertical: the perpet"The stomach, like a large bladder, or tubu-ual-vertical, properly the celestial: and a highest, lated retort, receives in its bosom, through what is the perpetual celestial, which is SPIRITUAL, and has called the cardiac orifice, every kind of saliva and within it nothing but what is everlasting and infiavailable food;-commixes, circulates, squeezes, nite." (f) p. 128. strains, bruises, triturates, macerates, seethes, extracts, in a word digests it; then carries it onwards, drives it through certain foramina and evaporates and sublimes it along certain ducts, its appointed passages:-summons and sharpens the menstrua, and increases its forces, according to the measure, degree, and success of the operation; and again repeats the processes; that is to say, reduces, fittens, corrects and seethes the materials which have been once digested; and all the time, transmits the rectified portions through foramina into tubular passages; but sends off what it has not thoroughly laid open (reclusit,) through the pylorus into the intestines." (N. 94, p. 122.) In From this it will be perceived that the doctrine of forms in orders and degrees, requires some study to understand, more to apprehend, and a great deal to comprehend all its bearing and parts, as applied to man in his present condition. But at the same time, we cannot refuse our concurrence in the mode or manner in which the argument is put, for if the proposition be admitted, the series of deductions that follow cannot be denied. conclusion, we record our opinion, positively, and not relatively wholly, and without reservation, that if the mode of reasoning and explanation adopted by Swedenborg be once understood, the anatomist and physiologist will acquire more information, and obtain a more comprehensive view of the human body, and its relation to a higher sphere, than from any single book ever published; We have thus far exhibited Swedenborg's anatomical knowledge. We shall now extract an outline of his "Doctrine of Forms," to which it is possible to believe some late writers have had re-nay, we may add than from all the books which course, without acknowledgment; but we cannot now enter upon that question. have been written (especially in modern times) on physiology, or as it has been lately named, transcendental anatomy. The American Review: A Whig Journal of Pol- "I intend to explain the nature of the spiral form (he is speaking of the spiral vessels in the Swedenborg reasons not on any hypothesis, not stomach) in an especial doctrine of forms. Mean- on any theory, not on any favorite doctrine of a while, for the better understanding of the subjects fashionable school, but on the solid principles mentioned in this chapter, I will here state, that of geometry, based on the immutable rock of forms ascend from the lowest to the highest, in truth: and he must and will be considered at no order and by degrees, as do also the essences and distant period the Zoroaster of Europe, and the substances of all things. The lowest form is the Prometheus of a new era of reason, however at angular; which is also called the terrestrial, and present the clouds of prejudice may intervene, or the merely corporeal form, inasmuch as it is the storms of passion obscure the coruscations of peculiar to bodies having angles and rectilinear his intellect. planes; the measurement of which is the primary object of the present geometry. The second and next higher form is the circular or spherical form; which may also be called the perpetual angular, since the circumference of the circle involves neither angle nor rectilinear plane, because it is a perpetual angle and perpetual plane: this form is at once the parent and the measure of angular THIS periodical is intended to be the organ of the forms, for it is the means of showing the proper-whig party in the United States, which has reties of angles and figures, as trigonometry teaches. cently incurred so unexpected a reverse in the The form above this is the spiral, which is the defeat of their candidate for the presidency, Mr. parent and the measure of circular forms, as the Clay. It is printed in double columns, like Blackcircular form is the parent and the measure of angu- wood, and, though termed a review, partakes lar forms. Its very radii or diameters are not rec- much more of the character of a magazine. The tilinear, nor do they converge to a fixed centre, subjects treated of in this number are various and like those of the circle, but they are variously cir- interesting, most of them being tinged, more or cular, and have a spherical surface for a centre; less, with the party views of the writers. The wherefore the spiral is also called the perpetual characteristic feature is an aversion to democracy, circular. Our science of geometry rises almost to or rather to the democratic party, for there is a this form, but dare not enter it, or peruse its great profession of respect for republican princispires; for at the first glance it strikes us as inex-ples, democracy being, according to the reviewers, tricable, and seems to sport with our ideas. This good or bad, accordingly as it exalts or depresses form never exists or subsists without poles, an their own party. Most of the articles are so axis, foci, a greatest circle, and lesser circles tinged with partizanship as to detract much from which are its diameters; and as it again assumes their value to English readers, who cannot enter a perpetuity which is wanting in the circular form, into squabbles which appear to them very like the namely, in respect to diameters and centres, corporation contests of a provincial town. But therefore it emulates and breathes a natural spon- when the writers depart from this narrow field, taneousness in its motion: as also appears from and wander in the broad highway of literature, the stomach and its segments after death, for when they exhibit a sound taste and an impartiality of its nerves are only touched it rolls and wreathes judgment which might worthily be imitated by as in the living subject, and flows spontaneously some of our own critics. This is exemplified in into its gyres, as though it were still hungering, the article on Miss Barrett's Poems, with which and longing to grind the food: there being nothing we were much pleased. The original poetry is that can prove an obstacle; inasmuch as there respectable common-place, and contrasts strikingly are no angles, and consequently no hindrances to with the bold flights of the British poetess.-Critic. "AH! That's the third umbrella gone since Christmas. What were you to do? Why let him go home in the rain, to be sure. I'm very certain there was nothing about him that could spoil. Take cold, indeed! He does n't look like one of the sort to take cold. Besides, he'd have better taken cold than take our only umbrella. Do you hear the rain, Mr. Caudle? I say, do you hear the rain? And as I'm alive, if it is n't Saint Swithin's day! Do you hear it against the windows? Nonsense; you don't impose upon me. You can't be asleep with such a shower as that! Do you hear it, I say? Oh, you do hear it! Well, that's a pretty flood, I think, to last for six weeks; and no stirring all the time out of the house. Pooh! don't think me a fool, Mr. Caudle. Don't insult me. He return the umbrella! Anybody would think you were born yesterday. As if anybody ever did return an umbrella! There -do you hear it? Worse and worse! Cats and dogs, and for six weeks-always six weeks. And no umbrella! "I should like to know how the children are to go to school to-morrow. They shan't go through such weather, I'm determined. No: they shall stop at home and never learn anything-the blessed creatures!-sooner than go and get wet. And when they grow up, I wonder who they'll have to thank for knowing nothing-who, indeed, but their father? People who can't feel for their own children ought never to be fathers. "But I know why you lent the umbrella. Oh, yes; I know very well. I was going out to tea at dear mother's to-morrow-you knew that; and you did it on purpose. Don't tell me; you hate me to go there, and take every mean advantage to hinder me. But don't you think it, Mr. Caudle. No, sir; if it comes down in buckets'-full, I'll go all the more. No and I won't have a cab? Where do you think the money 's to come from? You've got nice high notions at that club of your's! A cab, indeed! Cost me sixteenpence at least sixteenpence !-two-and-eightpence, for there's back again! Cabs, indeed! I should like to know who's to pay for 'em? I can't pay for 'em; and I'm sure you can't, if you go on as you do; throwing away your property, and beggaring your children-buying umbrellas! No, sir, I'm not going out a dowdy to please you or anybody else. Gracious knows! it is n't often that I step over the threshold; indeed, I might as well be a slave at once-better, I should say. But when I do go out, Mr. Caudle, I choose to go as a lady. Oh! that rain—if it is n't enough to break in the windows. 66 Ugh! I do look forward with dread for tomorrow! How I am to go to mother's I'm sure I can't tell. But if I die, I'll do it. No, sir; I won't borrow an umbrella. No; and you shan't buy one. (With great emphasis,) Mr. Caudle, if you bring home another umbrella, I'll throw it in the street. I'll have my own unbrella, or none at all. "Ha! and it was only last week I had a new nozzle put to that umbrella. I'm sure if I'd have known as much as I do now, it might have gone without one for me. Paying for new nozzles, for other people to laugh at you. Oh, it's all very well for you-you can go to sleep. You've no thought of your poor patient wife, and your own dear children. You think of nothing but lending umbrellas! "Men, indeed!-Call themselves lords of the creation!-pretty lords, when they can't even take care of an umbrella! "I know that walk to-morrow will be the death of me. But that's what you want-then you may go to your club, and do as you like-and then, nicely my poor dear children will be used— but then, sir, then you'll be happy. Oh, don't tell me! I know you will. Else you'd never have lent the umbrella! "You have to go on Thursday about that summons; and, of course, you can't go. No, indeed, you don't go without the umbrella. You may lose the debt for what I care-it won't be so much as spoiling your clothes-better lose it: people deserve to lose debts who lend umbrellas! "And I should like to know how I'm to go to mother's without the umbrella? Oh, don't tell me that I said I would go—that's nothing to do with it; nothing at all. She 'I think I'm neglecting her, and the little money we were have, we shan't have at all—because we've no umbrella. to "The children, too! Dear things! They'll be sopping wet; for they shan't stop at homethey shan't lose their learning; it's all their father will leave 'm, I'm sure. But they shall go to school. Don't tell me I said they should n't: you are so aggravating, Caudle; you'd spoil the temper of an angel. They shall go to school; mark that. And if they get their deaths of cold, it's not my fault-I did n't lend the umbrella." 66 "Do you hear the rain, Mr. Caudle? I say, do you hear it? But I don't care-I'll go to mother's to-morrow: I will; and what's more, I'll walk every step of the way-and you know that will give me my death. Don't call me a Here," says Caudle in his MS., "I fell foolish woman-it 's you that's the foolish man. asleep; and dreamt that the sky was turned into You know I can't wear clogs; and with no um-green calico, with whalebone ribs; that, in fact, brella, the wet 's sure to give me a cold-it always the whole world revolved under a tremendous does. But what do you care for that? Nothing umbrella!" at all. I may be laid up for what you care, as I daresay I shall and a pretty doctor's bill there 'll be. I hope there will! It will teach you to lend MR. CAUDLE HAS VENTURED A REMONSTRANCE ON your umbrellas again. I should n't wonder if I caught my death; yes: and that's what you lent the umbrella for. Of course! HIS DAY'S DINNER: COLD MUTTON, AND NO PUDDING. MRS. CAUDLE DEFENDS THE COLD SHOULDER. "Nice clothes, I shall get too, trapesing HUMPH! I'm sure! Well! I wonder what it will through weather like this. My gown and bon-be next! There's nothing proper now-nothing net will be spoilt quite. Need n't I wear 'em at all. Better get somebody else to keep the then? Indeed, Mr. Caudle, I shall wear 'em. house I think. I can't do it now, it seems; I'm only in the way here: I'd better take the children, and go. "What am I grumbling about now? It's very well for you to ask that! I'm sure I'd better be out of the world than-there now, Mr. Caudle; there you are again! I shall speak, sir. It is n't often I open my mouth, heaven knows! But you like to hear nobody talk but yourself. You ought to have married a negro slave, and not any respectable woman. "You're to go about the house looking like thunder all the day, and I'm not to say a word. Where do you think pudding 's to come from every day? You show a nice example to your children, you do; complaining, and turning your nose up at a sweet piece of cold mutton, because there's no pudding! You go a nice way to make 'em extravagant-teach 'em nice lessons to begin the world with. Do you know what puddings cost; or do you think they fly in at the window? "You hate cold mutton. The more shame for you, Mr. Caudle. I'm sure you've the stomach of a lord, you have, No, sir; I did n't choose to hash the mutton. It's very easy for you to say hash it; but I know what a joint loses in hashing: it's a day's dinner the less, if it's a bit. Yes, I dare say; other people may have puddings with cold mutton. No doubt of it; and other people become bankrupts. But if ever you get into the Gazette, it shant be my fault-no; I'll do my duty as a wife to you, Mr. Caudle: you shall never have it to say that it was my housekeeping that brought you to beggary. No; you may sulk at the cold meat-ha! I hope you'll never live to want such a piece of cold mutton as we had today! And you may threaten to go to a tavern to dine; but with our present means, not a crumb of pudding do you get from me. You shall have nothing but the cold joint-nothing as I'm a Christian sinner. 66 Yes; there you are, throwing those fowls in my face again! I know you once brought home a pair of fowls; I know it and warn't you mean enough to want to stop 'em out of my week's money? Oh, the selfishness-the shabbiness of men! They can go out and throw away pounds upon pounds with a pack of people who laugh at 'em afterwards; but if it's anything wanting for their own homes, their poor wives may hunt for it. I wonder you don't blush to name those fowls again! I wouldn't be so little for the world, Mr. Caudle! "What are you going to do? Going to get up? Don't make yourself ridiculous, Mr. Caudle; I can't say a word to you like any other wife, but you must threaten to get up. Do be ashamed of yourself. "Puddings, indeed! Do you think I'm made of puddings? Didn't you have some boiled rice three weeks ago? Besides, is this the time of the year for puddings? It's all very well if I had money enough allowed me like any other wife to keep the house with; then, indeed, I might have preserves like any other woman; now, it's impossible; and it's cruel-yes, Mr. Caudle, cruel-of you to expect it. "Apples arn't so dear, arn't they? I know what apples are, Mr. Caudle, without your telling me. But I suppose you want something more than apples for dumplings? I suppose sugar costs something, does n't it? And that's how it is. That's how one expense brings on another, and that's how people go to ruin. | "Pancakes! What the use of your lying muttering there about pancakes? Don't you always have 'em once a-year-every Shrove Tuesday? And what would any moderate, decent man want more?" "Pancakes, indeed! Pray, Mr. Caudle-no, it's no use your saying fine words to me to let you go to sleep; I shan't!-pray do you know the price of eggs just now? There's not an egg you can trust to under seven and eight a shilling; well, you've only just to reckon up how many eggs don't lie swearing there at the eggs, in that manner, Mr. Caudle; unless you expect the bed to open under you. You call yourself a respectable tradesman, I suppose! Ha! I only wish people knew you as well as I do! Swearing at eggs, indeed! But I'm tired of this usage, Mr. Caudle; quite tired of it; and I don't care how soon it's ended! "I'm sure I do nothing but work and labor, and think how to make the most of everything; and this is how I'm rewarded. I should like to see anybody whose joints go further than mine. But if I was to throw away your money into the street, or lay it out in fine feathers on myself, I should be better thought of. The woman who studies her husband and her family is always made a drudge of. It's your fine fal-lal wives who've the best time of it. "What's the use of your lying groaning there in that manner? That won't make me hold my tongue, I can tell you. You think to have it all your own way-but you won't, Mr. Caudle! You can insult my dinner; look like a demon, I may say, at a wholesome piece of cold mutton-ha! the thousands of far better creatures than you are who'd been thankful for that mutton!-and I'm never to speak! But you 're mistaken-I will! Your usage of me, Mr. Caudle, is infamous-unworthy of a man. I only wish people knew you for what you are! but they shall some day. "Puddings! And now I suppose I shall hear of nothing but puddings! Yes, and I know what it would end in. First, you'd have a pudding every day; oh, I know your extravagance-then you'd go for fish-then I should n't wonder if you'd have soup; turtle, no doubt: then you'd go for a dessert; and-oh! I see it all as plain as the quilt before me-but no! not while I live! What your second wife may do, I don't know; perhaps she'll be a fine lady; but you shan't be ruined by me, Mr. Caudle; that I'm determined. Puddings, indeed! Pu-dding-s! Pudd-" "Exhausted nature," says Caudle, "could hold out no longer. Here my wife went to sleep." BALLAD BY THE REV. HENRY ALFORD, M. A. RISE, sons of merry England, from mountain and from plain; Let each light up his spirit, let none unmoved remain ; The morning is before you, and glorious is the sun; Rise up and do your blessed work before the day be done. 'Come help us, come and help us,'-from the valley and the hill, To the ear of God in heaven are the cries ascending still: The soul that wanteth knowledge, the flesh that wanteth food ;: Arise, ye sons of England, go about doing good. Your hundreds and your thousands at usage and in purse, Behold a safe investment which shall bless and never curse! O who would spend for house or land, if he might but from above Draw down the sweet and holy dew of happiness and love? Pour out upon the needy ones the soft and healing balm ; The storm hath not arisen yet-ye yet may keep the calm: "The imaginative child, if educated according to his distinctive nature, would help to correct the exaggeration and to soften the angularity of the logical child, and to throw around the sensitive child ideal visions—which would hinder him from dwelling with anguish on every exhibition of distress; and the sensitive child, if educated according to his distinctive nature, would teach the imaginative child not to dwell in imagination as a mere selfish luxury, but to shed its colors as a benignity on the rugged realities of others, to whom the reality is too real, and would teach the logical child how vain is logic without feeling, and that doubt was only given by God in order to conduct to faith; and the logical child, if educated accordpraying to his distinctive nature, would teach the imaginative child that all fancy is but the brilliant child that the sensibility that is not healthy, not in shadow of truth; and would teach the sensitive harmony with the other powers, is useless to the world, in proportion as it is a torture to itself." recommend it, which we do, not so much for its We have said enough of this little pamphlet to novelty, as for its truth; not so much that it is conceived with the elegance of a poet, as that it is expressed with the honesty of a man."-Critic. Already mounts the darkness-the warning wind is loud; But ye may seek your father's God, and away the cloud. Go, throng our ancient churches, and on the holy floor Kneel humbly in your penitence among the kneeling poor; Cry out at morn and even, and amid the busy day, "Spare, spare, O Lord, thy people!-O cast us not away!" Hush down the sounds of quarrel, let party names alone, Let brother join with brother, and England claim her own. In battle with the Mammon-host join peasant, clerk and lord; Sweet charity your banner-flag, and GOD FOR ALL your word. Parker's Magazine. The Individuality of the Individual. A Lecture, by WILLIAM MACCALL, author of "The Doctrine of Individuality," " "The Agents of Civilization," &c. London, Chapman, Newgate street. RARELY, perhaps never, have we seen so small a book containing such comprehensive thoughts. Mr. Maccall does not think in leading strings, neither does he borrow the mannerisms of composition; in truth he is the embodyment of his own idea, and hence the individuality of his writings. He would teach man self-reliance; that he has a distinctive character. In this Young England will readily concur. We remember what an American writer has finely said on the subject: "An institation is the lengthened shadow of one man; as the Reformation of Luther; Quakerism of Fox; Methodism of Wesley; Abolition of Clarkson." This lecture will teach, not so much what is unlearned, as that which, having been learned, is partially forgotten. It is no wonder that the indi-vidual is overlooked in the large congregations of men. In politics, as in all present movements, party is the only power acknowledged; but the individual is not less active, not less effective. Genius is always individual, as that of Michael Angelo, Shakspeare, and Scott. Theirs was not a national individuality, but, apart from country, the individuality of mind. Lesser spirits possess it in a corresponding degree. We believe that what is called the eccentricity of a man is but the untrained working of his individuality. Mr. Maccall would educate the individuality that it may yield its full fruits for the benefit of the race. He denounces the plan of educating all children alike. He says: - LAMENT OF D'ISRAELI. I REALLY can't imagine why, Get nothing but civility. The "independent" dodge I've tried, It's all the same-they won't provide- I've flattered Peel; he smiles back thanks I've worried him, I've sneered at him, If not the birth, at least I've now Well, I've been pretty mild as yet, Me more than mere civility.-Punch. BELIEF AND DOUBT.-When anything strikes the mind as a truth, however distasteful it may be, or opposed to our former feelings, we have no option-the instant we see it as true, we are constrained to embrace it; we cannot say we will or will not-it is a necessity, and we must. The first distinctly recognized doubt is of the same kind; we may struggle against it as we will, but there it is, a wedge inserted into the very fabric of our faith, which splits to the foundation, and falls off from us, leaving us naked and trembling among its ruins.-Zoe. From the Polytechnic Review. ON NOVEL APPLIANCES OF WAR, PROposed or TILES. HAVING attended to most of the circumstances which limit the range of projectiles, we purpose now to state, as shortly as is consistent with truth and justice to the subject, the means which have been proposed to increase this range; we will also mention the results of these suggestions, so far as they have been carried into practice, and will discuss the probability of the existence of methods said to be kept secret, and the chance of the discovery of others. pounds and a-half, a circumstance which requires some explanation, seeing that we have stated the gun to be a fifty-eight pounder. The explanation is this: the momentum of a projectile is the product of its mass and its velocity; by increasing that mass, therefore, or, in other words, by adding to its weight without adding to its size, we acquire a proportionate increase of momentum, and a consequent increase of range. The shot on the present occasion was an iron shell filled with lead; hence its weight of sixty-two pounds and a half. Nearly the same range was accomplished by the French during the Peninsular war, who threw shells into Cadiz, rather more than a distance of three miles; they, however, used enormous mortars, one of which is at present in St. James' Park, and employed the largest charges of gunpowder jected, moreover, were shells nearly filled with lead, the remaining space containing gunpowder ignitible by a fuse as in the common shell. We have already alluded to the common supposition that chemical science may present the artil-ever known in modern times; the missiles proleryman with some substance that is, in common parlance, "stronger" than gunpowder, and that by this means a vast increase of range may be effected. We have shown the futility of this opinion; we have proved that chemists disclaim any such knowledge: we have demonstrated that if they should claim to be the depositaries of such a secret, the mathematician and practical artilleryman would treat the statement with unbelief, and justly too, because it is in opposition to incontrovertible laws. As well might a chemist say that he could annihilate the attraction of gravitation, as that he could elaborate such a peculiar composition or gunpowder. The fact that leaden balls accomplish a longer range than iron ones, seems to have been discovered, at least once by chance, the discoverers being totally ignorant of the principles on which the circumstance was founded. It is related that during the war an American ship having expended all her cannon-balls, and being unable to procure others of a similar kind, had some prepared of lead; when on employing them in a subsequent action, her captain and crew were surprised at their long range and efficacy. Sir Howard Douglas is so satisfied of their advantages on peculiar occasions, that he recommends their introduction in the navy. It may be said that chemistry is a field whose treasures are but little known; that although such explosive compounds as chemists generally are aware of may be inferior in propulsive force to Amongst the suggestions which naturally pregunpowder, this mere fact is not sufficient in sent themselves for increasing the range of a shot, itself to warrant a supposition that some peculiar a very obvious one seems to be the diminution of composition of exceeding potency may not be dis- its windage, or the space which exists between it covered and held in secrecy by one favored indi-and the inside of the gun. Thus is reduced to a vidual; still our objection applies not the less. minimum the loss experienced by the escape of There is a point beyond which no increase of pri- the gunpowder around the sides of the ball. That mary force can increase the range of a projectile, short kind of ordnance, the carronade, is made to and this point is far within the limits which circum-embrace this amongst other principles, and the scribe the force of gunpowder. We are justified in asserting, then, that far advanced as are all sciences connected with military engineering, in the present day, very little increase of the range of common ordnance (we mean cannons and engines of that class) will be effected; and that this little will be accomplished, not through any new composition of gunpowder, but as a consequence of improvement in the mechanical construction of missiles, and their project- | ing ordnance. result of practice fully warrants, in this case, the justice of the theory. To long guns, however, the rule does not apply-a fact which may seem strange at first, but which can be easily explained. With very great velocities and long guns there is a large column of air to be displaced before the ball leaves the gun, and which is condensed with great rapidity by the force of the ball, to which it offers immense resistance if it fit the gun closely. If, however, the size of the ball be reduced, the air has more space to rush round it, and the ball more easily escapes. The longest range and greatest velocity ever accomplished by any ordnance, ancient or modern, Believing as we do that no considerable increase up to the period of 1840, and we believe to the of range, from guns of the sizes at present in use, present time, is 5,720 yards, or just three miles will ever be acquired, the question still remains and a quarter. The whole time of flight was only unanswered whether such increased range may thirty seconds and a quarter, which is estimated at not be achieved by other means. For the sake of 2,100 feet, in the first second of time. The piece precision, we will assume this increased range of ordnance used on this occasion was a fifty-six- to be six miles, and will ask whether such can be pounder cannon, cast on the principles of Mr. accomplished by any method, or combination of Monk, who suggested the propriety of removing a methods? We do not regard it as totally impossi considerable proportion of useless metal from the ble-we see no primary law of nature against it, gun before the trunions, and adding it to the although we recognize difficulties so grave, and so breech, where alone increased strength is desira-numerous, as to check even the wild excursions of ble. This arrangement permits the use of a larger projecting charge of gunpowder, without risking the calamity of bursting. The quantity of powder employed in the experiment alluded to was ten pounds, and the ball weighed sixty-two our fancy; and we are not theoretical enough to forget that even the mere possibility of this range granted, its military application is quite another thing;-involving considerations of facility, expense, and amount of scientific acquirement; |
