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ruling classes take towards the more progressive opposition. The present world war has established something in the nature of a truce among the various conflicting movements of thought in Russia. It offers opportunity for a future policy of peaceful compromise. Will the parties in power embrace the opportunity? If they do, a way for a normal evolution of Russia will be established and Russian sociology will probably reflect the situation. If Russian autocracy, however, continues its old policies of suppression of public opinion, sociology will also keep its revolutionary character. Russian sociology in the past was moulded by the economic, social and political problems of the time, and the tendency is not likely to cease so soon in Russia.

Not all of Russian sociology, however, has been of the propagandist kind. What, we may ask, is therefore being done by Russians to contribute to sociology as a science? Here we notice a deadlock not peculiar to the Russians alone. The philosophical and the psychological approach to sociology, and the development of systems has nearly reached the stage of the vicious circle.

The circle can be broken only by introducing new methods. Of these there are two which are now being developed. The historical-genetic is generalizing principally from ethnograpic materials. This method is being used by Kovalevsky and his pupils, who have rendered valuable service, and there is still unexplored material in the Russian empire to continue the work. Another method is the inductive-statistical, and in this very little has been done in Russia, because there is but little reliable data on hand, and secondly the tedious work which the statistical method demands does not appeal to the present sort of Russian students of sociology. Therefore, we may hardly expect that much if anything will be accomplished by them along this line of work for the present.

APPENDIX I

THE TEACHING OF SOCIOLOGY IN RUSSIA

SOCIOLOGY as a university study is still in its infancy in Russia. This, however, does not mean that sociology has not been or is not studied in Russia. On the contrary, it was and is very popular within the progressive circles of the Russian intellectual class. The Russian reformers hoped to receive from sociology a key for the solution of their perplexing economic, social and political problems, and therefore diligently pursued it.

In the universities sociology was introduced first by professors of law and politics in an effort to re-construct those sciences and to establish them upon a positivist basis by the aid of sociology.'

It was also taken up by various philosophers of history, especially by Professor Karyev, who hoped by the aid of sociology to rid the philosophy of history of its metaphysical premises.

As an independent study, however, sociology was only recently placed in the curriculum of the newly (1908) founded Psycho-neurological Institute of Petrograd with Maxim Kovalevsky and Eugene De Roberty (died 1914) in charge of the Department. This inadequate presentation of sociology in the Russian universities is principally attributable to the authorities' ignorance of the nature of this science, and to a traditional prejudice against introducing anything new into the university curriculum.

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'Cf. supra pt. iii, chapter iv.

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APPENDIX II.

SOCIOLOGICAL LITERATURE IN RUSSIA.

ALTHOUGH there are but few Russian university chairs from which sociology is taught, Russian scholars have created a large sociological literature. Almost all of the principal sociological works may be had in Russian, as those of Comte, Buckle, Spencer, Lilienfeld, Ward, Giddings, Gumplovitz, Durkheim, De Greef, Lacombe, Le Bon, Worms, Kidd and many others. The various works by Russian authors, we need not mention here. We have learned to know them in the pages of this book.'

Much of the current sociological thought appears in the Russian periodical literature. There are, however, no specifically sociological periodicals as yet in Russia. In the past many articles on sociology appeared in the following monthly periodicals, which we give in their chronological order.

Sovryemennik, St. Petersburg, 1836-66;

Otechestvennyya Zapiski, St. Petersburg, 1846-84;
Sovryemennoye Obozrenye, St. Petersburg, 1868;

Znaniye, St. Petersburg, 1870-77;

Dyelo, St. Petersburg, 1874-87;

Svyet, St. Petersburg, 1877-79;

Mysl, St. Petersburg, 1880-82;

Severny Vestnik, St. Petersburg, 1885-97;

Russkoye Bogotstvo, St. Petersburg, 1880-1918;
Mir Bozhi, St. Petersburg, 1892-1906;

Novoye Slovo, St. Petersburg, 1894-1897;

Of the monthlies now in existence the Russkaya Mysl, Moscow and Petrograd, The Russkiya Zapiski, Petrograd, and

1 Cf., Bibliography for Russian Sociology.

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the Zavyety, Petrograd, are voicing the traditions of the subjectivist school. The Sovremenny Mir, Petrograd, and the Vestnik Evropy, Petrograd are the organs of the objectivist school. Besides these the scientific journals Voprosy Philosophee i Psychologee, Moscow, and the Vyestrik Psychologee, Petrograd, discuss sociological problems. In recent years (since 1913) Kovalevsky and De Roberty began the issue of year books on New Ideas in Sociology which are to be to Russia what Durkheim's annual publications are to France.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES FOR RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGY

I

BOOKS FOR GENERAL REFERENCE.

Brueckner, Alexander. Geschichte der Russischen Litteratur. Leipzig, 1905. 2 vols.

Encyclopedia Lexicon (Russian). Petrograd, 1891.

The Great Encyclopedia (Russian). Petrograd, 1902.

Ivanov-Razumnik.

History of Russian Social Thought (Russian).

Petrograd, 1907. 2 vols.

Masaryk, Tomas G. Russland und Europa. Studien über die geistigen Strömungen in Russland. Jena, 1913. 2 vols.

Melnik, Josef. Russen über Russland. Frankfurt a/M., 1906.

Milyoukov, Paul. Russia and its Crisis. Chicago, 1906.

Novoye Vremya. Almanach for Current Statistics. Petrograd, 1914.

II

THE BEGINNINGS OF RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGY

BOOKS

Aksacov, K. S. Works (Russian). 3 vols. Moscow, 1861.

Alexinsky, G. Modern Russia. Translated by B. Miall. London, 1913. Bakunin, M. A. Sozialpolitischer Briefwechsel mit Herzen und Ogarjov. Stuttgart, 1895.

Works. 2 vols. (Russian, to be had in French and German.)
Petrograd, 1907.

Belinsky, V. G. Works. 4 vols. (Russian). Petrograd, 1896. Catherine II of Russia. The Grand Instructions. (Nakazy.) Translated by Michael Tatischeff. No date.

Chaädaev, P. Y. Works. Vol. I. (French and Russian.) Moscow, 1913.

Chernishevsky, N. G. Works. 10 vols. (Russian.) Petrograd, 1906. Danilevsky, N. Y. Darwinism (Russian). Petrograd, 1885.

- Russia and Europe (Russian). 5th Edition. Petrograd, 1895. Granovsky, T. N. Works. 2 vols., 4th edition. Moscow, 1900. Herzen, A. I. Letters to an Old Friend. Geneva, 1874.

Collection of Articles of the Bell (Russian). Geneva, 1887.
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