the legal order as a duty, and deduces passive juristic acquiescence in whatever legal precepts obtain in the books for the time being." Such a spirit of obscurantism will find no shelter here. More and more the law must seek to refresh its strength by reaching down into the wells of moral truth and social virtue which are the sources of its energy. It is for the university to build the aqueducts that will bring these waters to our doors.

I know that there are moods and seasons in which teachings such as these may seem dissevered from realities. The principle of the division of labor has spread from industry to law; and young men about to labor in the modern law office with its departments and sub-departments may say to themselves cynically that they will have little need of jurisprudence. I hear of lawyers whose single task it is to prepare income tax returns. Others spend their days in making up the accounts of fiduciaries for submission to the Surrogate. Still others feel no deeper thrill than comes from the drafting of a corporate bond and deed of trust, with the dread possibility of foreclosure looming vaguely in the distance, the day of judgment when the bondholder will know whether there was negligence or prevision in drafting the terms of his security. I do not minimize the

pangs of such a lot, though I have no doubt that they can be matched by like trials and tribulations that were known to the scribes and assistants of the conveyancers of older days. Examples such as these do not lower my theme. They do not blur my faith. The law, like every other calling, has its hours of drudgery when there is no other satisfaction for the spirit than the knowledge that with fidelity and with such powers as have been given us we are doing the day's work. But for all of us at times there are glimpses of something more. The forward movement of humanity carries us along with its resistless sweep so that our energies are well-nigh absorbed in keeping step with those about us. A turn in the road, and beyond the mass of moving men there comes to us a vision of the movement as a whole.

We are the passing instruments of a process that transcends our fleeting hour. None of us can now foretell the aspect of our legal system when the new Dean shall lay down the trust

assumed by him to-day. Still less can any of us foretell the aspect of the system that coming centuries may know. Many a pillar of justice must be raised, round upon round, before the perfect pediment shall crown the finished work. Small at best. is the contribution that any one of us can make, yet we may be sure that it will count if only it is sound and true. In the cathedral of the law, as in the cathedrals of a living faith, the consecrated labors, the hopes and prayers and yearnings and aspirings of multitudes that have gone before us, some of them remembered, many more of them forgotten, have been built into the walls, and speak their message yet to the ears of the devout. Other things, indeed, have been built there too-errors and superstitions and cruelties and hatreds. The blight of decay is on them, and they crumble with the years. The walls stand firm withal. Spire and minaret and dome still struggle toward the skies.

Into new hands is now committed the guidance of this Law School with all its heritage of things attained, with all its hopes of things to come. The hands are new, but they are also firm and strong. Dean Jervey brings to his task an equipment rare in fullness and rich in promise. I have spoken of the points of contact between law and the other studies and pursuits that touch the lives of men. There is little danger that in the years to come these contacts will be ignored. A Dean who has felt the spell of ancient Greece and has taught the secret of her spell to others, will take no cramped or narrow view of law, but will know that in its deepest aspects it is one with the humanities and with all the things by which humanity is uplifted and inspired. To this liberalizing culture, earned in other fields of study, he adds a rich training in the field that he is to make his own. To the scholar's knowledge of the law in books he links the knowledge of its living needs that comes from varied practice at the bar. As he faces his new task, he has the confidence and support of his brethren of the bench and bar, of all who have at heart the honor and welfare of Columbia, of all who love justice and who dream of the coming of a day when none shall know the difference between her reign and the reign of human law.

CHARLES ANDERSON DANA

JOURNALISM

Address by Charles A. Dana, journalist, editor of the New York Sun for more than a quarter of a century (born in Hinsdale, N. H., August 8, 1819; died in Glen Cove, Long Island, October 17, 1897), delivered originally at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., October 13, 1893. Mr. Dana was introduced by General Butterfield with a few words of compliment. His audience included the President and faculty of the college, as well as students of all the classes. This was the first and most comprehensive of Mr. Dana's series of three addresses on newspaper-making.

MR. PRESIDENT, GENERAL BUTTERFIELD, AND GENTLEMEN :-I am intensely grateful to General Butterfield and President Webster, for the opportunity of appearing before you to-day. If there is anything in life that is delightful to an old man, it is the opportunity of meeting intelligent and earnest young men, and telling them something out of his experience that may be useful to them; and, as our desire is that this shall be a practical occasion, I want to say at the beginning that if any part of the subject, as I go over it, shall not seem to any one of you to be sufficiently explained and elucidated, I will be very much obliged if you will get up and ask the questions that you wish to have answered.

The profession of journalism is comparatively new. It really is, as it exists to-day, an affair of the last forty or fifty years. When I began to practice it in a weekly paper the apparatus which we have now, and which General Butterfield has referred to, was quite unknown. The sheets which we daily take in our hands and from which we gather a view of the whole world and of all that has been going on in it, all the sciences, all the ideas, all the achievements, all the new lights that influence the destiny of mankind: all that was entirely out of the question.

There was no such apparatus, and it has been created by the necessities of the public and by the genius of a few men who have invented, step by step, the machinery and the methods that are indispensable, and without which we could not undertake to do what we do.

Of course, the most essential part of this great mechanism is not the mechanism itself; it is the intelligence, the brains, and the sense of truth and honor that reside in the men who conduct it and make it a vehicle of usefulness or it may be of mischief: because what is useful can just as easily be turned to mischief if the engineer who stands behind and lets on the steam is of an erroneous disposition.

The number of intellectual young men who are looking at this new profession, which for the want of a better name we call the profession of journalism, is very great. I suppose that I receive myself every day, taking one day with another, half a dozen letters from men, many of them college graduates, asking for employment, and for an opportunity of showing what is in them. Of course, they cannot all get it in the same paper. Now and then one obtains a place, but generally the rule that is observed in all well-organized newspaper offices is that the boys who begin at the beginning are taken up step by step in accordance with their faculties and their merits. This is so because, as we know in college, it is impossible that there should be any imposture which sets a man's abilities above their real value, since in the daily intercourse and the daily competition of study and of recitation the real worth of a man's brain is demonstrated, so that there is never any doubt. So it is in a newspaper office. The boys who begin at the bottom come out at the top. At the same time these boys do not all start out with the best outfit, that is to say, with the best education: and I have known very distinguished authorities who doubted whether high education was of any great use to a journalist. Horace Greeley told me several times that the real newspaper man was the boy who had slept on newspapers and ate ink. [Laughter.] Although I served him for years and we were very near in our personal relations I think he always had a little grudge against me because I came up through a college. [Laughter.]

Now, here before us are a number of young gentlemen who, I have no doubt, will be led to embrace this profession. We know that among a certain number of students there are so many doctors, so many clergymen, so many lawyers-sometimes too many lawyers [laughter]; and there are also, of course, a considerable number who are looking forward to this great civilizing engine of the press; and it is a great engine. Just consider the clergyman. He preaches two or three times a week and he has for his congregation two hundred, three hundred, five hundred, and if he is a great popular orator in a great city, he may have a thousand hearers; but the newspaper man is the stronger because throughout all the avenues of newspaper communication, how many does he preach to? A million, half a million, two hundred thousand people; and his preaching is not on Sundays only but it is every day. He reiterates, he says it over and over, and finally the thing gets fixed in men's minds from the mere habit of saying it and hearing it; and, without criticizing, without inquiring whether it is really so, the newspaper dictum gets established and is taken for gospel; and perhaps it is not gospel at all. [Laughter.]

In regard to this profession there are two stages, and we will consider each of them separately. The first is the stage of preparation. What sort of preparation, what sort of preliminary education should a man have who means to devote himself to this business? There are some colleges which have lately introduced schools of journalism or departments of journalism, where they propose to teach the art of newspaper making, to instruct the student in the methods that he should employ, to fit him out so that he can go to a newspaper office and make a newspaper.

Well, I will not say that is not useful. I do not know that there is in any intellectual study, or in any intellectual pursuit, or in any intellectual occupation that is followed with zeal and attention, anything that can be described as useless. No, I do not know of anything, if you really learn it, although it may seem to your next neighbor around the corner rather trivial, that is not useful after all. There is certainly a great utility and a profound science in baseball and the man who pursues it