The last two combinations are complex elements of the second class, because the basis of each is of the second class. A subordinate element of the second class is joined to its basis by a connective. (a.) Complex elements may be formed by either of the following combinations of simple elements:— Class I. By joining EXAMPLES. and 1 = very quickly. Vy Here "hope" is regarded as the subject of a proposition. Models for Analyzing Complex Elements. 529. Analyze The whole course of his life has been distinguished by generous actions. = 22S P2v2. It is a simple sentence, because it contains but one proposition. Course is the subject, and Has been distinguished is the predicate. The subject, course,. . is limited by "the" and "whole," both adjective elements of the first class. It is also limited by the phrase "of his life," a complex adjective element of the second class, used to explain the "course." Of life" is the basis. "Life" is limited by "his," a simple adjective element of the first class, denoting whose life. The predicate, has been distinguished, is limited by the phrase "by generous actions," a complex adverbial ele ment of the second class, showing how the course of his life had been distinguished. The basis of the phrase is "by actions." "Actions" is limited by "generous," a simple adjective element of the first class, showing what kind of actions. In these examples, the basis of each complex element is itself an element of the second class, and the phrase is formed by joining classes second and first. = 530. Analyze-The excessive labor undergone in preparing for his examination, occasioned a dangerous illness.v2v2 SP2.0. It is a simple sentence, because it contains but one proposition. is the subject, and Labor. Occasioned. . . . is the predicate. The subject, labor, is limited by "the" and "excessive,” both simple adjective elements of the first class. It is also limited by "undergone in preparing for his examination," a complex adjective element of the first class (a v2 v2), used to denote the occasion or ciroumstance of the labor. 'Undergone" is the basis. It is an adjective element of the first class, and belongs to "labor" (Rule V.). It is limited by "in preparing for his examination," a complex adverbial element of the second class (v2 v2), denoting how the labor was undergone. "In preparing" is the basis. "Preparing" is limited by "for his examination" (v v2), a complex adverbial element of the second class, showing for what, or why, he was preparing. The basis is, “for examination." “Examination” is limited by "his," a simple adjective element of the first class, showing whose examination. The predicate, occasioned, is limited by "a dangerous illness," a complex objective element of the first class (2 a 0), denoting what the labor occasioned. "Illness," the basis, is the object of "occasioned" (Rule VIII.), and is limited by "a" and "dangerous," both simple adjective elements of the first class. 531. Analyze the following sentences, and separate each complex element into its component parts, according to the model, and give the symbol: The Spartan youth were accustomed to go barefoot. Many a despicable wretch lies under a marble monument, decorated with a flattering epitaph. Italy is a large peninsula, bounded on the north. by the Alps. The king returned in the gleam of his arms. After the denial of the charge, he withdrew in dignified displeasure. Suddenly the sound of the signal-gun broke the stillness of the night. The same is true of literary men. The sentinel stars kept their watch in the sky. Through many a dark and dreary vale they passed. Thus with the year seasons return. I have seen thy wondrous might Through the shadows of this night. 532. Write sentences, limiting the subject of each by a complex adjective element which shall have for its basis one of the following participles or adjectives placed at the head of the sentence : Gliding, eager, feeding, anxious, desirous, floating, conscious, encircled, enriched, regardless, flying, searching, waiting, opening, commencing, wading, poring, finding, aware, awake, ambitious, indignant, robed, detained, amazed, confused. Ex.-Gliding along the edge of the horizon, a distant sail sometimes attracted our attention. Eager to attain to the highest rank, he labored incessantly. 533. Write complex elements based on the following nouns or infinitives used as objects, and introduce them into sentences of your own : Laws, congress, constitution, country, work, discourse, fable, dialogue, catalogue, inventory, league, truce, country, labor; to study; to invite; to leave; to stay; to sing; to have run. Ex. The Romans examined the laws of Solon. 534. Add simple or complex elements, either of the first or second class, or both, to the following phrases used as adverbial elements: In honor; on returning; by searching; in the capital; through the air; on opening; to view (inf. of purpose); to solicit; to invite; over hills; under the wall; in search; into the town; for stealing; of his breaking; of her being sick; of his being a scholar. Ex. One hundred guns were fired in honor of the victory gained by the Ameri cans over the British. 535. Write six sentences, according to the following symbolized models: 2SPS Poo'; 'S P2; 2'S Po..; S P2; 3.S P. Formation of Compound Elements. 536. Compound elements of the second class, like those of the first, are formed by uniting two or more similar simple or complex elements of the second class; as, "To read and to write are profitable." For connectives, see (376). (a.) It should be borne in mind, that a simple element of the second class has a connective of its own, which usually unites it subordinately to some preceding word. Besides this, the parts of a compound element of the second class are united to each other by one of the co-ordinate conjunctions. (b.) The essential point of similarity is the rank which the elements sustain to each other. They must be equal in rank (see 379. a.). 537. The component parts of a compound element should be of the same class; that is, both of the first or both of the second. To this rule there may be a few exceptions; as, "The pupil performed his task promptly and with care;" better, “promptly and carefully,” or “ with promptness and with care." 538. Compound elements may be formed by uniting, 1. Two or more principal elements :— Ex. For me to labor, and for you to be idle, would be unjust. without money and without friends = penniless and friendless. 2. Two or more subordinate elements:— The lad was Ex. The islands of Cuba and [of] Hayti belong to the West Indies. The boy learned to read and write. You may pass through the house and the garden. See (46. B. 2). 539. Besides compound and complex elements, we may have various elements of the same name not connected with one another. Ex. He went from New York-to Boston-on Tuesday-to see a friend -SP 4 v2. Though these render the predicate complex, they are grammatically independent of one another. (a.) By uniting simple, complex, and compound elements of the first and second classes, and by using also those which are independent of each other, we may form extended simple sentences. (b.) Observe that the materials employed in this chapter resemble, in their use, those of Chapter I. There are,— Exercises in Forming Simple Sentences. 540. Analyze and symbolize the following, and point out the compound elements : A stream of flame and smoke issued from the chimney. The hearts of the brothers were not divided during the peace and the troubles of this life. The obligation of respect and love for parents never ceases. Hampden placed himself at the head of his countrymen and across the path of tyranny. They were stationed there to defend the fort and to awe the citizens. In the northern parts of Europe the victory of Protestantism was rapid and decisive. In the course of events, this among other causes produced fierce and bloody contentions between them. 541. Write ten sentences, introducing into them a compound element of the second class. Let the first five be connected by "and;" the next three be connected by "but;" and the remainder by "or," or "nor." 542. Write sentences uniting the words between the semicolons into a compound adjective or adverbial element of the second class:— Robber, murderer; truth, humanity; zeal, energy; England, America; Europe, Asia; hope, fear; day, night. Ex. The name of the robber and murderer has been ascertained. |