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to be mended, and is therefore struck out altogether. The public did not encourage Mr. Gilpin's metamorphoses, and the book is forgotten.

Our English fanatics have committed a crime that would make a Papist blush. The Rev. J. M. Neale has clumsily altered the Pilgrim's Progress, that Bunyan might appear to teach the things which Bunyan's righteous heaven-born soul abhorred. It is a piece of matchless self-conceit to think of mending that which has been admired by the wisest of the human race in all nations, and which has obtained an unbounded popularity. Such an attempt to alter it is an acknowledgment that all the boasted power of Oxford, Exeter, and Rome, are unable to invent a tale to supersede the matchless beauties of the work of our spiritually-minded, heavenly-assisted brazier. A similar forgery was committed in a recent London edition of Dr. Cheever's Hill Difficulty. The Tractarians, doubtless, commit these scandalous outrages upon the Fathers, and all other writers whose works they publish, and deserve the contempt of every honest, upright mind.

Neale was answered in a very clever and spirited manner by 'The Pilgrim, or John Bunyan's Apparition in the Bed room of the Warden of Sackville College, the Rev. J. M. Neale.' 'The shade of the mighty dead utters in the ears of this contemptible necromancer words of righteous anger.'

The Light of the World; a most true Relation of a Pilgrimess, Antoinette Bourignon, travelling towards Eternity. 8vo, 1696. Mystical, but not allegorical.

Bugg's Pilgrim's Progress from Quakerism to

Christianity. 4to, and 8vo, 1698.

The author had been a Quaker, but conformed, and attacked his old friends with great vituperation. It is not allegorical.

It would be impossible to enumerate all the attempts which have been made to copy Bunyan's allegory. A few of them deserve notice. One of these was an impudent forgery. It was under the title of

The Progress of the Pilgrim, in Two Parts. Written by way of a Dream. Adorned with several new pictures. Ho. xii. 10, I have used similitudes. London, by J. Blare, at the Looking Glass, on London Bridge, 1705.

In this, which was published as an original work, Evangelist is called Director; Worldly-wiseman, Mr. Politic Worldly; Legality, Mr. Law-do; The Interpreter, Instructor; The Palace Beautiful, Grace's Hall; Giant Desperation of Diffident Castle; Mr. Despondency and his daughter Much-afraid are called, One Much-cast down, and his kinsman, Almost Overcome. It is illustrated with woodcuts. Whoever was employed in stealing this literary property, and disguising the stolen goods, appears to have been a Roman Catholic; he omits Giant Pope; and Faithful, called Fidelius, is hanged, drawn, and quartered, that being the punishment inflicted on the Roman Catholics by Elizabeth and James I. Two editions are in the Editor's collection.

La Guide des Pelerins de Notre Dame de Verdelais; Portrait of Mary dressed in rich em

broidery, strutted out with crinoline, with a smartly-dressed baby in her arms; dedicated to LA MERE de Dieu.

In the litany there is one prayer to Christ, and sixty direct to Mary. One hundred and sixteen pages are filled with miracles she has wrought at the shrine of Verdelais. These are selected from 'un nombre infini de miracles, qui sont écrits dans nos Registres.' It is a valuable volume of undisguised Popery. It ought to be published in English, for the instruction of our youth as to the fact of Roman Catholic Mariolatry.-Bordeaux, 1700.

Desiderius; or, the Original Pilgrim. By L. Howell, M.A.

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This was written in Spanish, and has been published in Latin, Italian, French, Dutch, and German. Mr. Howe!! says in the preface, I am assured that Mr. Royston, the bookseller, very well knew that Dr. Patrick took his pilgrim from it.' It is the mode by which a gentleman curbed his passions, and became a good church-going man, and qualified himself (p. 124) to trust in God. It was not published in English until 1717.

The Young Man's Guide through the wilderness of this world to the heavenly Canaan; showing him how to carry himself Christian-like the whole course of his life. By Thomas Gouge. 1719; small 8vo.

This is a valuable work, but not allegorical.

Iter Cœleste: The travels of Sound Heart and Humble Mind from the City of Depravity, till their arrival at the port of Desire and haven of Everlasting Glory and Blessedness. They pass the strait gate, are comforted by Rev. Boanerges, assaulted by Abaddon and Apollyon, assisted by Inbred Carnality. Sea Voyage piloted by Evangelist; are attacked by a national ship, but escape; the King of kings sent a guard to conduct them to the haven of Rest. Two thin volumes, small 8vo, 1721. The Statesman's Progress, or a Pilgrimage to Greatness; delivered under the similitude of a dream: wherein are discovered, The manner of his setting out, his dangerous journey, and safe arrival at the desired country; with the manner of his acting when he came there. By JOHN BUNYAN. With a Latin quotation from Horace. London, printed, and Dublin reprinted in the year 1741. 8vo.

This is a shrewd attack upon Sir Robert Walpole, one of the most corrupt of English statesmen, just before his final fall. It was he that said 'every man had his price,' and who attacked Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, on his youth; exciting a reply which must be admired to the latest age. This Pilgrimage represents Walpole under the name of BADMAN, on his course to Greatness Hall, where grew the golden pippins. He is introduced to Queen Vice, behind whose throne stood Death with ropes, axes, and daggers in his hand. Badand by its aid exercises absolute sway. The allegory is man attains his object, has possession of the golden fruit, kept up with great spirit.

Children of Israel spiritualized. By John
Allen, 1765.

The pious author endeavours to prove that the travels of the Children of Israel from Egypt to Canaan are figurative of the Christian's journey to the rest that remains for the people of God. It passed through several editions.

Our readers need not be reminded that Bunyan's name was used because he was the prince of allegorists, in the same way that Homer's name would have been used if it had been a poem, or Juvenal, had it been a satire in verse. It is of great rarity; the account is taken from a copy in the Editor's library. This was reprinted A Voyage through Hell, by the Invincible Man of in 1756, under the title of The New Pilgrim's Progress, or a Pilgrimage to Greatness. John Bunyan.

By

The celebrity of Bunyan led to another impudent forgery, in a pamphlet entitled, The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Marriage State, as entered into with religious or irreligious persons, delivered under the similitude of a DREAM. With notes explanatory and improving. By J. B**** N, Minister of the Gospel. The sixth edition, with addition of new cuts. Bosworth: Printed by Robert Grinley, for the author, 1775. The frontispiece is the Sleeping Portrait on the Lion's Den, with skull and cross bones; above is the Pilgrim with his burden, and the Wicket Gate; under this is inscribed John Bunyan of Bedford. It was impudent enough to publish this for the author in 1775, Bunyan having died

in 1688.

In a list of books published by Luke Hind, a Quaker, is The Saint's Travel to Spiritual Canaan; wherein are discovered several false rests short of the true spiritual coming of Christ in his people. By R. Wilkinson. The second edition.

War, Captain Single-Eye. 8vo, 1770. This is a very curious allegory; part of the crew demur to signing the articles because they are Unitarian. The mob, who see the ship sail, abuse the Captain. After many adventures, she arrives in hell, and the crew and officers are tried; all the Unitarians are acquitted, and sail torment. This volume is very rare. It is the only book that I have seen in which Unitarians have pretended to avow such diabolical sentiments.

on to heaven, but all the Trinitarians enter into eternal

Shrubsole's Christian Memoirs; in the form of a New Pilgrimage to the Heavenly Jerusalem. 1777; republished in 1790, and in 1807. of some note, and was for a time a popular book. It conThis was supposed to contain allusions to certain persons sists of narratives and adventures of eminently religious persons, in the form of an allegory. Whitefield is called. George Fervidus; he pulls down Arminian Row and rebuilds it from a Wood and Quarry,3 common to this city. In Independent Street scarcely two houses are alike. Quaker Street all are uniform, but the sashes small. Singing and swearing are abominations. No lawyer can live in it. They use no water, wine, or bread in their assemblies. Baptist Street can only be got at by wading through the water. Dr. Voluminous (Gill) has put it in

In

better order than ever it was before. The end communicates with Arminian Row. There is a road without wading through water; John Bunyan made and lived in that road. Arminian Row is inhabited by the followers

The Spanish Pilgrim; or an admirable disco- of John Duplex [Wesley]. It is very imperfectly built, very of a Romish Catholic.'

A tract to show the easiest way to invade Spain. The Pilgrim; or, a Picture of Life. By a Chinese Philosopher: 2 vols. by Johnston.

A caricature, exhibiting English manners, in the reign of George III., through a distorted medium. The New Pilgrims; or, the Pious Indian Convert, containing a faithful account of Flattain Gelashenin, a heathen who was baptized into the Christian Faith by the name of George James, and by that means brought from the darkness of Paganism to the light of the Gospel, of which he afterwards became an able and worthy minister; and the wonderful things which he saw in a vision. London, 12mo, 1748.

The Life and History of a Pilgrim. By G. W.

(said to be George Wollaston). 8vo, Dublin, 1753. A novel of the lowest grade.

The Christian Pilgrim; or the Travels of the

'British Museum, 1103, e.

* King's Library, British Museum, 245, f. 7.

but has been repaired with materials from Baxter's heath, and from a wood and quarry. The principal characters in that noble army of reformers who aided Whitefield and

Wesley are portrayed, together with those who opposed that great and glorious movement.

This was again published, under the title of the Christian Pilgrims; or an allegorical description of true religion; revised and altered from Shrubsole's Christian Memoirs, by the Rev. T. author. The editor represents that Baptist Street Rowland, to which is prefixed the life of the is rather contracted, and the houses confined, but I have visited therein with great pleasure. Some distinguish themselves by keeping two Mr. Rowland altered Duplex,' the designation days of rest from secular affairs every week." of John Wesley, to 'John Diligent.'

The Female Pilgrim; or the travels of Hephzibah,

a description of her Native Country, with the State of the Inhabitants thereof. By John Mitchell.

This contains some account of the religious state of this country in the latter end of the reign of George III.; is 'Page 53.

3 The Articles and Homilies.

The This is not a continuous pilgrimage, like Bunyan's, but an exhibition of the Christian character under various trials and circumstances. It is full of useful and striking anecdotes. The house of the Interpreter, the picture-room, and the monuments are interesting. It was a very popu lar work.

has plates, and passed through several editions. author states that none of his similes to expose particular crimes were in any measure dictated by the spirit of malice or resentment, to any particular persons whatever; but purely to expose vice and folly in whatever way, and by whomsoever it was practised.

Zion's Traveller; or the Soul's Progress to Heaven, in the several steps whereby it ascends from deep distress and misery, to the height of triumph and glory. By William Crawford. Falkirk, 1785.

A second Pilgrim's Progress from the town of Deceit to the kingdom of Glory. By Philalethes. 8vo, 1790.

This is an allegory, but not a dream. It is the adventures of Wake-heart, who gets to glory.

The Progress of the Pilgrim, Good Intent, in Jacobinical Times. By Miss Anne Burgess, of the Vale of Honiton.

This was, for a time, very popular, and went through as many as seven editions at least, in the years 1800 and 1801; it arose out of the French Revolution, and was

intended to counteract republican principles, and free inquiries into practices called religious. It has some witty passages, and a tender attachment to the crown and mitre. It represents philosophy as having for its father Lucifer;

and its mother Nonsense! That the mitre assumes no control. Lawful government and church establishments are venerable, and to be admired and supported; that the rights of man teach plunder and robbery; that those who oppose the church, as by law established, seek to promote atheism. The authoress invents a she-devil, called Mental Energy, who invites men to destruction by thinking for

themselves.

It must have required the aid of some church wealth and influence to have pushed this book into circulation; it is now forgotten.'

The Travels of Humanias in search of the Temple of Happiness. An allegory. By William Lucas. 12mo, 1809.

The Pilgrimage of Theophilus to the City of God. 8vo, Wellington, 1812.

The author of this anonymous volume was the Rev. Joshua Gilpin, who in 1811 attempted to improve Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, by rendering it more agreeable to polite readers.

'Reader, perchance you scorn the author's dream,
And things of sight and sense far better deem.
What if this bold conclusion then I make,
That thou the dreamer art, and I awake.'

He dreams that he sees the City of Confusion; Evange list preaches to the inhabitants; the multitude deride him, but some are affected; he directs them to flee to the mountain. Heavenly Wisdom becomes the guide; he leads him

through great tribulation to the Ancient of Days: he falls gate. The main features of the tale are Bunyan's, of into Despond, meets Worldly Wiseman, enters the wicketwith which the history is interwoven are new; many of whose Pilgrim it is a pious imitation; all the minor events them are striking and valuable. Theophilus at length arrives at, and is received into the Celestial City. It is written in a non-sectarian spirit and is highly evangelical, children. and was intended by the author for the instruction of his

The Prodigal's Pilgrimage into a far Country, and back to his Father's House; in fourteen stages. By Thomas Jones, Curate of Creaton. 1825. This is the adventures and return of the prodigal, founded on the parable in Lu. xv., but is not allegorical.3

The Sailor Pilgrim; in Two Parts. By R. The Infant's Progress from the Valley of Destruc

Hawker, D.D. 1806-1810.

This passed through several editions, and was a valuable means of awakening seafaring men to the importance of religion. It narrates the adventures of a seaman in the royal navy. Shipped when young, he quits a pious mother, and during the first fifteen years of his being in the navy not a single thought of God or eternity occupied his mind. All serious impressions made by his affectionate mother were effaced, and he fell into the depths of sin. He illustrates the hardening of his heart by an anecdote by Boerhave, That the smiths of Leyden need not the use of tongs in taking from the fire the hottest iron; for, by repeated use, their hands were become so callous as to be insensible of burning." At length the good seed sown in his heart by his mother germinates, the sailor becomes alarmed for his eternal happiness, studies the Bible, is led to the Saviour, and finds salvation. It abounds with interesting anecdotes of facts which came under the author's personal notice.

Zion's Pilgrim. By R. Hawker, D.D. 1808.

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tion to everlasting Glory. By Mrs. Sherwood. Revised by the American Sunday School Union. Philadelphia, 1829.

A good reward book, but wants cuts.

The Great Journey; a Pilgrimage through the Valley of Tears to Mount Zion, the City of the living God.

This is an unassuming little book, which the author calls a borrowed ray from the Pilgrim's Progress. It is neatly ornamented with cuts. A desirable present to the young.

The most beautiful ray from the Pilgrim's Progress, which has reached us, is from the pen of that elegant writer, Dr. Cheever of New York. It is the Hill Difficulty, or the Jewish Pilgrim's Progress, the Plains of Ease, and other allegories. It has, in addition, some extremely interesting papers. Unfortunately it has not been reprinted in England, but what is worse is,

3 British Museum.

that parts of the volume, leaving out the most | tered Christian. We rushed through the Valley of the beautiful, and selecting those that suited a certain purpose, have been printed under the title of Dr. Cheever's Hill Difficulty-a forgery exceedingly vexatious to an author of such high repute. It is hoped that some honest publisher will favour us with an accurate and cheap reprint of this instructive allegory. A part left out in the first chapter of the London edition refers to a controversy which has for some time agitated this country, even to the calling forth of a decision in the House of Lords. It is an attempt to get over the Hill Difficulty without trouble; it is thus narrated:

'There has been constructed there a great balloon, to avid climbing, named Baptismal Regeneration, in which, by an ingenious chemical use of a little font of water, a very subtle light gas was manufactured to fill the balloon; and then the adventurers, having been made to inhale the same gas, stepped into a car to which the balloon was at

Shadow of Death, lit by inflammable gas; we passed the cavern of the cruel giants, but these Troglodytes had given place to the terrible Giant Transcendentalist; the huge miscreant looked much like a heap of fog and duskiness. We, late in the day, thundered into the ancient City of Vanity. The fair was in the height of prosperity, but strangely altered: the town is full of churches; the divines have a machine to save thoughts and study. While loitering through the bazaars, some of the purchasers, 1 thought, made very foolish bargains. Some spent a splendid fortune in the purchase of diseases, and some bartered golden mansions in the Celestial City for a few years' lease of small, dismal tenements in Vanity Fair. One thing troubled me, for persons while busy suddenly vanished like soap-bubbles. At length we arrived at Beulah and embarked in a steam ferry-boat; but my heart failed. I attempted to leap ashore, but the paddle-wheels threw a dash of spray over me, so cold, so deadly cold,

with the chill that will never leave those waters until death be drowned in his own river, that, with a shiver and a heart-quake, I awoke. Thank Heaven, it was a dream.'

tached, and were carried along quite swiftly. These ad- The Apostate's Progress from the Kingdom of

venturers all lost their lives in the end, unless they got out of the car, and took to the real pilgrimage. Still the patentees insisted upon this being the only way to salvation.' He goes on with great humour to show that the Pope was the original patentee.

An American newspaper published the following parody on the Pilgrim's Progress, called 'The Celestial Railroad :'

The writer in a dream visits the City of Destruction,

from which the inhabitants had established a railroad to the Celestial City. In company with one of the directors, Mr. Smooth-it-away, he starts on the journey. They pass over a bridge of elegant construction, on both sides of which is a great quagmire, the Slough of Despond. For

a foundation are books of morality-French philosophy and German rationalism. The station was on the site of the little wicket-gate; there were numerous passengers. No more lonely ragged men, with huge burdens on their backs, but parties of gentry, as if the pilgrimage were a summer tour. The conversation was full of taste, about politics, fashions, and amusements; and though religion was the main thing at heart, it was tastefully kept in the background. All the burdens were deposited in the baggagewaggon, and the old feuds between Beelzebub and the keeper of the wicket-gate were appeased, and the Black Prince's subjects were employed in collecting fuel and feeding the engines. Greatheart refused to be stoker, and Apollyon, Christian's old enemy, still breathing fire and smoke, became the chief conductor. They overtake two old-fashioned pilgrims trudging it on foot, whom they laugh at, and the stoker envelopes them in an atmosphere of scalding steam. The Interpreter's house, the cross, the sepulchre were passed quickly. To pass the Hill Difficulty a spacious tunnel had been constructed, and the materials from the heart of the hill employed to fill up the Valley of Humiliation. A wonderful improvement indeed!' said one of the passengers, yet I should have been glad to visit the Palace Beautiful, and those charming young ladies, Prudence, Piety, and Charity.' Young!' cried Mr. Smooth-it-away, as soon as he could speak for laughing, 'why, they are old maids-prim, starched, dry, and angular, and not one of them, I will venture to say, has altered the fashion of her gown since the days of Christian's pilgrimage.' Apollyon now put on the steam at a prodigious rate, to get over the ground where he had so disastrously encoun

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Christ to the Dominions of Satan; the road to Misery and the sorrows of Hell, under the similitude of a dream. With poetical remarks. Author unknown. Edited by T. Ewen. 1825.

Allapsus flees to the City of Refuge, pursued by implacable enemies. Spiritual-pride, Love-praise, and Boastful beset him; encounters Smooth-tongue and Luke-warm; betrayed by Carnal Mind; enters into the Broad Way. The author shows that the downward road, however broad and flowery it may appear, is, in fact, far more wretched to the traveller than the narrow and strait path to celestial happiness.

The Sojourn of a Sceptic in the Land of Darkness and Uncertainty, between the Land of Original Impressions and the City of Strongholds, in the Kingdom of Light; with an account of his journey thither, and of his safe arrival thereat; being the history of the rise and progress, or the first impressions and final development of divine truth in the unbelieving soul: delivered (after the manner of the Pilgrim's Progress) in the similitude of a dream. By P. H. Waddell. 1847.

The object of this volume is fully explained in its lengthened title. It is as difficult to comprehend as Bunyan is easy. Going to the city Rational, he came to a flight of steps, called the Turnpike, or Parade of Miracles and Prophecy, on the inclined plane of credibility; which, rising to an angle of the walls at no mean level, adjoined on the bridge of Accommodation from city Rational. Can we wonder at the concluding words of the chapter, 'I confounded myself in imagination for an idiot!'

'Who follow lies they love (that walk or crawl),
A lie, at last, to ruin may pursue;
Who swallow greasy camels, hump and all,

A gnat may scandalize and strangle too.'
He speaks of the thoroughfare of passengers by the

1 Christian Advocate and Journal, August 9th, 1843. 2 Pt. ii. ch. 1.

staircase and parade, who, on foot and in carriages, came | troduced with splendid scenery, and with all the and went about the booths." It closes with the following fascinating accompaniments of music and paintelegant verse:ing, as a sacred oratorio, to amuse Christians in the sorrowful, fasting, hypocritical season of Lent. COWPER's apostrophe to Bunyan :—

'For he in his pavilion shall

Me hide in evil days;

In secret of his tent me hide,

And on a rock me raise.'

The author very justly fears that his work, in comparison with the Pilgrim's Progress, will be considered as stolen, and perhaps impoverished, waters.

CHAPTER VII.

THE OPINIONS OF THE GREAT AND LEARNED, UPON THE MERITS OF THE 'PILGRIM'S PROGRESS,' AND THE CAUSES OF ITS POPULARITY.

To venerate the memory of Bunyan, is the duty of every British Christian; quite as much as it is the pride of Englishmen universally to admire the genius of Shakspeare or of Milton, the philosophy of Locke, or the philanthropy of Howard. He ought ever to be placed in that constellation which is composed of the brightest luminaries that shed a lustre upon our national literature. His allegory seizes our imagination in childhood, and leaves an indelible impression -it excited our wonder then, and our admiration and esteem in riper age. Thus one of our best poets describes it as

'Pleasure derived in childhood approved in age.' There is a degree of publicity to which we should not like to have seen John Bunyan exposed, and from which his Pilgrim had a narrow escape. The amazing popularity of the Pilgrim's Progress very nearly led to the accomplishment of a strange design, which would have shocked all our Puritan feelings. It was a curious attempt of Mr. Gilpin to dress Bunyan à-lamode, but how much more singular to have introduced him upon the stage in a Royal Metropolitan Theatre!! This was most seriously contemplated. The whole story was turned into an oratorio, and every preliminary arrangement was made to have brought it out in Lent, 1834.

pos

The manuscript oratorio, with the correspondence of George Colman the licenser, Mr. Bunn the manager and proprietor, and Mr. Mash of the lord-chamberlain's office, are in the Editor's session. But the fear of my lord bishop of London, whose power could have stopped the license, prevented the attempt to bring into the tainted atmosphere of a theatre, as a dramatic entertainment, the poor burdened pilgrim, his penitence, his spiritual combats, his journey, and his ascent to the Celestial City. It was to have been in

'P. 177.

'Oh thou, whom, borne on fancy's eager wing
Back to the season of life's happy spring,
I pleased remember, and, while memory yet
Holds fast her office here, can ne'er forget.
Ingenious Dreamer! in whose well-told tale
Sweet fiction and sweet truth alike prevail;
Whose humorous vein, strong sense, and simple style,
May teach the gayest, make the gravest smile;
Witty, and well employed, and like thy Lord,
Speaking in parables his slighted Word.

I name thee not, lest so despised a name
Should move a sneer at thy deserved fame.
Yet e'en in transitory life's late day,

That mingles all my brown with sober gray,
Revere the man, whose PILGRIM marks the road,
And guides the PROGRESS of the soul to God.
'Twere well with most, if books that could engage
Their childhood, pleased them at a riper age;
The man, approving what had charmed the boy,
Would die at last in comfort, peace, and joy.'
How rapid has been the change in public
opinion since Cowper's line was written-

'Lest so despised a name!'

One of the most magnificent American steamers and in 1849 an advertisement appeared in the now bears the alluring name of the John Bunyan; London papers: 'For HONG KONG and SHANGHAE, will be despatched positively on the 20th of June, the splendid fast-sailing ship John Bunyan.

The influence that the Pilgrim's Progress had upon a late learned and zealous divine, is well described in the autobiography of the celebrated Dr. ADAM CLARKE. It is called

A child's view of the Pilgrim's Progress:

would read a book of chivalry. Christian was a great At this early age he read the Pilgrim's Progress as he hero, by whom the most appalling difficulties were surmounted, the most incredible labours performed, powerful enchantments dissolved, giants conquered, and devils quelled. It was not likely that he would see it as a spiritual allegory, and, therefore, it was no wonder that he could not comprehend how Christian and Hopeful could submit to live several days and nights in the dungeon of Doubting Castle, under the torture of Giant Despair, while

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the former had a key in his bosom which could open

every lock in that castle.'

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