gion. Religion knows of no action without the spirit; no concord of works without the concord of minds. Religious acts, without religious thoughts, are mere puppet-shows, no divine service. They must, therefore, spring from the spirit itself, and are neither to be bought by rewards, nor to be enforced by punishments. But religion also declines all communion with civil acts, as far as they are not the produce of the mind, but of power. The State, therefore, has not to expect any assistance from religion when only working by rewards and punishments; for as far as this is the case, the duties towards God are little considered, and the relations between man and his Creator are without effect. Any assistance that may be afforded to the State by religion is by instructing and consoling, by instilling, through her divine doctrines, into the minds of the citizens the spirit of patriotism, and raising, by her celestial promises, the wretch who has been condemned to death, a victim to the public weal.'

Any religion, inconsistent with the welfare of human society, cannot be the true one.'

With true humility in our hearts, we yet may be proud of the dignity of man, and of his rank in the creation.'

'The development of our powers and faculties by social life, is our calling on earth, the purpose of our being here, the will of God, our own happiness; it is, therefore, the principal basis of all morals, of religion, and reason; of politics and learning; as well in its gymnastical part, regarding the body and its powers, as in its musical part, cultivating the mind and its capacities. The whole life of man is education. The boy at school is educated to be hereafter a man, the man is educated in this world for a higher existence. Theology and politics contain the precepts for this universal education. They must both proceed upon the same plan, or they will spoil instead of perfecting. It is true, the union of politics and religion is subject to a most unfortunate abuse, and human society has long suffered from its destructive effects. Locke himself imagined it to be impossible to prevent this abuse, or to secure to mankind its most precious jewel, liberty of conscience, otherwise than by confining the idea of a State merely to temporalities, thus removing it from all encroachments upon the opinions of men with regard to their future existence. He lived in an age when minds were not yet sufficiently enlightened on toleration, and to escape stumbling on one side of the precipice, he was obliged to approach another; but it still was deviating from the path of truth."

Our pleasure at the beauties of nature is fired to raptures, if we reflect on the infinite perfection of the Master who has produced them. How cold must therefore be the pleasure of the atheist, who is obliged to rest satisfied with the beauty of the objects!'

"The thoughts on reason and human intellect, with which I yesterday had concluded my lecture, mingled themselves with the relation of the tour to the mountains of Switzerland with which our guests had last night entertained us, and formed themselves in my fancy to a dream that has an almost allegorical signification. We travelled together among the Alps, having for guides two persons, the one of the male, the other of the female sex. He, a young robust Swiss, of strong limbs, but not of the most refined intellect; she, long and slender, serious, her regards turned, as it were, inwardly, of romantic looks, and fantastically dressed, having behind her head something resembling wings. We followed them for some time until we arrived at a cross-way. Here they seemed to quarrel; he hastened with quick steps to the right, she hovered to the left on her aerial wings, while we stood confounded on the road, not knowing which to follow, till one of us, looking about, perceived an elderly matron approaching us with measured steps.

When

When she had approached so far as to make herself audible to us, she said, "Be of good comfort, ye wanderers! you will not long remain without a guide. Those persons that have been given to you for guides, are called Common Sense, and Contemplation; (Sensus communis,-Contemplatio ;) they will sometimes quarrel for a short time, not unfrequently for trivial reasons. If, then, travellers are but constant enough to wait at the crossroad without following either of them, they soon turn back to have their dispute determined by me. In most cases the right will be on his side, and the female, contrary to expectation, suffer herself to be instructed. If, on the contrary, the right happens to be on her side, he remains headstrong, and is not to be brought to concession. At the most persuasive reasons I may offer to him, he, in his rustic manner, will laugh in my teeth; answer by some truism, and proceed on his way. The travellers, however, who put faith in me will know what to rely on."

"And how," asked one of us, "do you call yourself, who thus are deciding their disputes?" "On earth," she replied, "I am called Reason; the celestial-Here she was suddenly interrupted by an astounding noise. An enthusiastic crowd had from the neighbourhood assembled round Dame Contemplation, intending to expel Common Sense, together with Reason. They impetuously rushed towards us with great clamour, we grew affrighted, and I awoke.' The explanation of this beautiful allegory we may leave to the reader.'

Beitraege zur Kenntniss des gewerblichen und commerciellen Zustandes der Preussischen Monarchie. Aus amtlichen Quellen. von C. W. Ferber. 1829, 8vo. pp. 290, with 9 Tables.

THIS is an interesting work, compiled by the author, who filled, during forty years, a high situation in the Prussian financial department, and thus had free access to the official records and documents. The publication is creditable to the liberality of the Prussian Government, under whose eyes it has been printed. It states, that trade and industry have much advanced since the fetters of prohibitions, or high customs, have been relieved, and that more might still be done by proceeding in the same career. We shall give a short view of the principal subjects treated here with candour and impartiality, and we hope that the details and matter of fact, which we are furnishing from trustworthy documents, will not be disregarded.

1. Cottons.-Raw Cottons imported and re-exported from 1823 to 1828.

Cotton Yarn and Twist, during the same period imported, re-exported, and

manufactured.
Exports.

Remaining for Prussian Manufactures.

10,115 cwt.

51,087 cwt.

By giving permission to import foreign Prints, formerly prohibited, the Prussian looms were very soon enabled to produce them in greater quantity and much cheaper than formerly. The number of looms working entirely in Cotton, or Cotton mixed with other materials, has annually increased, being in

1819

1822

1825

14,276 looms
19,424
22,139

Red Yarns, formerly received from the Mediterranean, are now manufactured at Elberfeld, and the raw Cotton of America and the East Indies, spun at Manchester or in the Rhenish Provinces, and tinged at Elberfeld, is re-shipped and sold with profit at Calcutta. The exports of this single article amounted in

A capital of 50,000 dollars, allotted by Government for the support of the weavers who might suffer by the sudden repeal of the prohibition of Twist, has not been touched for a single farthing.

The profits of the trade cleared by this single article are estimated by the author during the year 1827 at more than four million pounds sterling.

The increase of exportation of Manufactured Iron, simultaneous with that of the importation of Cast Iron, shows of how little avail the prohibitory duties of France, Russia, Poland, Austria, and other States have been. The impediments thrown in the way of the exportation of engines and machinery from England to Prussia, have led to no other result than to the establishment of different flourishing manufactures of machines in the latter country. 3. Corn. The exportation of this necessary article has been very small during the last-mentioned years, principally on account of the greater comfort and superior nourishment of the people in Prussia. This could only take place by the progress of the manufactures, which has been accelerated by the artificial price of wheat raised in England and France, through their corn-laws. Let England, which cannot receive the quarter of wheat for less than 42 shillings from Prussia, persist some years more in maintaining its corn-bill, and its high duties on this article, and Prussia and Germany will have outstripped it in many more branches of commerce, formerly the exclusive property of this country.

4. Timber. The highly charged Baltic Timber, much preferable to that of Canada for any purpose of naval architecture, has been driven from the English market to France and other southern countries, formerly provided with this commodity from England.

5. Linen.

5. Linen.-Only the quantities of Yarn imported and exported (the exportation being charged with a trifling duty) can be given, those of manufactured Linen, being free of any duty, are unknown. The fine Linen Yarn spun by the hand in Westphalia, where spinning is taught in schools established for this purpose, is still maintaining its precedence. During the exposition of 1827 of the products of industry, 2400 ells (1600 yards) of Yarn, spun by a widow near Minden, weighing not more than the 128th part of a pound, were generally admired for the equality and fineness of the thread.

One manufacturer of Linen, Mr. Kramsta, at Freiberg, exported in the year 1827 far more than 300,000 pounds sterling of this single article.

6. Gunpowder. The exportation of Powder, the preference of which to the French gunpowder is in the proportion of 6 to 5, is still on the increase. 7. Silk. Already in 1821, 8363 looms were working. Since that time the production has been still increasing.

8. Wool. The number of sheep kept in Prussia amounted in 1825 already to 11,606,429, whereof more than half the number had been improved by crossing the breed with Merinos. At present, fifteen millions of sheep at least are found in the monarchy. The imports and exports of Wool from 1822 to 1828, were the following:

The yearly produce of Wool amounts at present to 250,000 cwt., of which two-fifths only are unimproved. Part of this Wool, and part of the imported Wool, amounting to 128,000 cwt., was manufactured in 1827 to a value of Cloth of more than six million pounds sterling. Notwithstanding the prohibition of Woollen Wares in Russia and Poland, and in spite of the war raging in Turkey and the Mediterranean, 53,743 cwt. of Cloth and other Woollen goods have been exported in the year 1828. Messrs. Frings, Visseu, & Co. at Aachen, manufactured in ten hours an ell of dyed Circassienne, broad, from the raw state of the Wool.

9. Wine.-The production of this article in the monarchy amounts to more than 1,000,000 pounds sterling.

10. Books. The number of Printing Presses amounted in 1825 to 695, that of the Bookbinders to 1446. Notwithstanding the augmentation of these numbers, the importation of Books has increased, as is proved by the following interesting table:

Of these, 93,498 lasts were British and 169,713 Prussian shipping, which may serve to prove how groundless the complaints have been made in parliament on the decrease of

the

This is only the shipping by the Baltic ports, the largest imports and exports of Prussia go down the Elbe, through the port of Hamburgh, and will be found in the English tables under the head of Germany.

The Prussian fairs at Frankfort on the Oder and at Naumburg, formerly shut against foreign goods, have prodigiously increased since 1819. In the year 1828, the quantity of imported goods amounted at Frankfort to more than 153,000 cwt., of which more than one third were foreign, and at Naumburg to 29,000 cwt., of which three-fifths came from abroad.

The remarkable growth of opulence and comfort among the lower orders is proved by the increasing consumption of Coffee and Sugar, and by thé growing produce of the tax on the different trades and occupations (gewerbe -steuer). This tax has given during the last five years the following results:

Wandering
Occupations, Mechanics.

Brewers. Millers.

Shipping & Totals.

Carriage.

Inns, Ta- Bakers & Trade. verns, &c. Butchers. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1824 575,201 98,936 166,483 335,381 208,975 50,343 175,539 41,492 1,652,551 1825 572,559 100,264 172,170 344,464 207,790 54,638 175,214 28,552 1,655,652 1826 592,361 136,516 181,879 352,899 216,038 59,394 187,757 30,639 1,757,484 1827 626,776 148,590 199,309 365,082 225,092 63,239 200,790 31,870 1,860,750 1828 662,726 160,658 213,312 371,233 232,989 58,666 203,659 32,138 1,935,413

These few lines, sketched out from a mass of information, will serve to prove how much Prussia has been benefited by giving up part of its former prohibitory system, how much more it might gain by throwing away the remaining part, and what an accession of strength its last commercial treaties with Bavaria, Wurtemburg, and Darmstadt, will give to its present commercial system. An example well worthy of imitation among the German States.

Mémoires du Duc de Rovigo, pour servir à l'Histoire de Napoléon. 8 vol. 8vo. Paris 1828-9. Bossange. La Mort du Duc d'Enghien.

WHILE Napoleon lived, the actors and accomplices in the assassination of the Duc d'Enghien were apparently forgotten. But Time, who brings all things unto their level,' and deals terrible, though sometimes tardy, justice on the memory of the mightiest, has dispelled the mystery of murder, and devoted the murderers to eternal infamy. The following is an account of that horrible catastrophe, which is worthy of attention from the worshippers of tyranny, and in a particular degree, from the ministers who do not flinch before a few gouttes de sang, when urged by the despot of the day.

The treaty of Amiens had been broken-a conspiracy was forming in England for the overthrow of the Republic, and against the person of the First Consul. The plot was headed by French emigrants, and Georges Coudoudal was charged with its execution, in conjunction with Pichegru. The train was laid; Bonaparte's police discovered that Pichegru, Coudoudal, and their adherents had just landed on the coast of Normandy, that Dumouriez was at Altona, while one of his emissaries, the Count de Moustier, had taken his route towards Ettenheim, a town situated on the right bank of the Rhine, in the duchy of Baden, where the Duc d'Enghien then resided.

the British shipping. The discriminating duties of the French ports have had the consequence, that in 1828, 116 ships laden with salt sailed from Liverpool to the Prussian ports in the Baltic, and not a single one from Noirmoutier, where salt may be had nearly for nothing. By the mere system of reciprocity in trade, England is furnishing eighteen times the value of goods to Prussia than France, with a common border of several hundred miles.

Coudoudal