character of the British court, upon the dwarf! | future somewhat soften to us the sadness of the Some thought he should be lavishly supplied with event which we deplore, it is no less certain that books, and his genius left undisturbed to itself; the last fragment of the Spanish race will disappear while others contended that he ought to have the benefit of a public education, superintended by men eminent for their acquirements. This last opinion, we are happy to say, was adopted by his father; who, on the invitation of the Harvard University, removed to Cambridge with his family, where about this time last year Truman Henry Safford was placed under the charge of Principal Everett and Professor Pierce. The above is compiled, so far as the facts are concerned, from a long article in a Boston (American) paper, called the "Christian Alliance and Family Visitor." From El Heraldo, of Madrid. SPAIN, THE UNITED STATES, AND MEXICO. THE events which are now taking place in the unfortunate republic of Mexico, unhappily concur to corroborate the sad predictions which we uttered not long since, when we represented as the only possible remedy in its present precarious situation, the establishment of a Mexican monarchy under a Spanish prince. The colossus which was then trampling it down is engaged in the consummation of its work; and, although at the expense of severe struggles and sanguinary losses, there is no doubt of its complete triumph. The ancient kingdom of Montezuma will succumb, and Mexico, as a nation, will fade from the political scene. Would matters have reached this dismal extremity, if the Mexicans, comprehending their real interests, had thrown themselves into the arms of the old mother country, and placed themselves under the shelter of its friendly protection? We answer, certainly not! from those countries, and that with it will vanish the remotest hope of the eventual recovery by the mother country, of the legitimate influence which it was called upon to exercise in those colonies, for merly the brightest diadem in its crown of the two worlds. We do not wish directly to inculpate any government whatsoever; but there has been much blindness, inattention, and neglect, in so acting as to allow our ancient transmarine colonies to become an easy prize to the haughty rival of England, instead of having received them beneath the agis of its ancient national flag. And if the cupidity of the American colossus should be satiated with its conquests, already secured, these evils would be less deplorable, but its tendency is strikingly marked. The preponderating republic of the New World cannot complacently contemplate the existence in those seas of a single point in which homage is paid to the old monarchi cal principle; it fears, and with reason, that, maintained in her present possessions, Spain may some day wake from her extraordinary lethargy, and, either by supporting the monarchical idea, or de claring herself the frank protectress of her ancient provinces in their actual republican state, may cement with them fraternal connections, and close against the Union those immense markets for its commerce and industry. For this reason the government of the U. States pushes forward its plans of aggrandizement; and for this reason it will not desist until all those separate states are formed into one single state, under the name, the laws, and the flag of the United States; because Cuba and Puerto Rico will then Meanwhile, one feat of arms after another is suc- be theirs; and the Union will attempt to play the cessively placing the most important places in Mex-same game in the Atlantic Ocean as Russia in the ico at the disposal of the American army; yet the Black Sea, by converting that immense sheet of United States cannot congratulate themselves on water into one large lake under its exclusive monopthe victory. Why-if it be true that they are ad-oly and arbitrary dominion. vancing from conquest to conquest-is the work of victory found less easy of accomplishment than there was at first reason to believe? Those who before yielded their posts without a struggle are now defending themselves, and fighting with the ferocity of despair. An entire people are not easily subjugated, nor are they to be erased from the list of nations by two or three victories. But in the badly calculated politics of the United States, the very thing which they imagine the most likely to contribute to their aggrandizement tends to debilitate and diminish their power. The acquisition of Texas and Mexico, should the latter be realized, enfeebles the action of the government, and lessens its influence at the same time that it extends its territories; both acts, particularly the latter, entail upon the Union a colossal debt, if hitherto free from pecuniary responsibilities, and will be productive of material losses; nor will the war terminate, but continue in its most destructive form that of guerillas, skirmishes, and conspiracies. Both acts, moreover, will increase the number of enemies excited against the United States in conse The proud and potent Federal Republic will doubtless triumph over the disunited and exhausted Mexicans, if not by force of arms, at all events by protocols; but we repeat that, apart from the vain glory of satisfied pride, the annexation of this new state to those of the Union will be found more prejudicial than useful. The territory of the U. States is already too extensive to allow this new acquisi-quence of their preponderating power, presenting tion to serve otherwise than as an obstacle in the an easy breach and sure instruments for the formaway of the government; and either probabilities tion of parties by intrigue and disunion; added to will be falsified, or the eventful result will be the which, they will never attain the presence of a moral splitting up of that powerful republic into an infinite force in the conquered cities, and will continue to number of others, without the possibility of prevent-lose it in their own. Lastly, both acts will serve as ing this forcible dismemberment, which the times a lesson to other independent republics, which, for will enforce. And, if to this local reason be added their own convenience, will unite in defence of their the natural antipathy which must necessarily pre-independence against the common enemy; and, vail between the conquerors and the conquered, and moreover, our own possessions will be more than the distinct habits, the difference of religion, lan-ever secure from the attacks of the colossal usurper. guage, and customs, it is not doubtful that the And here is presented a new and favorable opNorth Americans will not enjoy a single moment of tranquillity in their new sovereignty. But even if this distant, and perhaps ill-omened portunity for Spain to render her ancient children sensible of her value, and, by offering them her protection, to gain for herself those commercial advantages of all kinds which are now the object | per annum, drawn at home. Of the other plan he of the greedy cupidity of the Union. For the sake, speaks thus; and we copy his remarks because the therefore, of unfortunate Mexico, and for the sake plan referred to seems to be a favorite with the of all our former colonies, it is, from every point of view, indispensable that something should be army, and with the administration : done-that negotiations should be opened-that our antecedent advantages should be made use of and that, for our sakes, and for the sake of decorum, no other influence than that of the Spanish government should be tolerated in those distant parts of the world. AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. the whole country; placing garrisons in all of the THE Mexican capital must present a strange spectacle, judging from the paragraphs, advertisements, &c., in the newspapers which reach us from that city. It is but a few days since it fell into the hands of a conquering army;-yet evidences of thriving business, conducted mainly under the auspices of that army, appear on every hand. Shops of every class were almost instantly opened; -theatres established ;-races, billiards, concerts, and amusements of all kinds are regularly attended, and things go on as quietly as if the city were still in the hands of its original inhabitants. Mrs. Shep-licanism, which, in a few years, would break the pard issues her card, in which she " has the honor have trammelled them for three centuries, and bonds of ignorance and military despotism, which to inform the gentlemen of the American army" achieve a revolution: the fear of which would inthat her benefit takes place at the National:-the duce their rulers in less than five years to offer us "old Kentucky restaurant" invites epicures at the any terms of peace to get clear of us. The latter corner of San Francisco Street :-C. S. Betts is now in the spirit of the age; and for the sake of "respectfully informs the citizens of Mexico" that humanity, for the sake of this people, who would he will take their likenesses at the sign of the for the credit of the United States, it is to be hoped be a great people if they had the opportunity, and "White Flag," adding that "satisfaction shall be it will be adopted. To carry out these last plans given, or no charge made;" the Eagle Coffee House would require a force of sixty-five thousand (65,000) has been established "on the American style;"-men, to conquer and retain it, allowing five thouPeter Wright offers leaden coffins-" of importance sand (5000) men to be killed in accomplishing the first. to the generals and officers of the army of the U. The annual expense would be very little, if any, more than would be required to support a line S. ;"-a soldier advertises for "two green Macki- of garrison posts across our southern frontier. And naw blankets, lost on the 8th of September at the | a feature of vast importance is, that the funds would battle of Molino del Rey," being "badly wounded be derived from the Mexican treasury. and suffering for the want of them;"-and so we have, side by side, remembrances of the war that has so recently rolled its bloody surges over the Aztec capital, and of the business and gayety that have followed so close on its retiring waves. The American Star mentions the arrival there of the Marquis de Dufort, on a special mission from the French government. The object of his mis sion was not known. Several proprietors of grog-shops have been arrested and punished for keeping open after 6 o'clock, P. M. Some of the friends of the largest liberty in this city would not look upon such regulations as a desirable extension of the area of freedom. The Star contains a well-written communication on the future policy of the United States in regard to Mexico. After setting forth the nature of the war thus far, the writer proceeds to say that two measures are now proposed to terminate the war : —one is to assume a boundary line, establish a cordon of posts, garrison them and await the pleasure of the enemy. This, he says, would require an army of 50,000 men, and would cost $20,000,000 The amount of emigration to the United States and English colonies on the continent will this year fourths of which may be safely set down as having be four hundred thousand (400,000) persons, three emigrated to the United States. The offering to give these land here, gratis, would turn the tide of emigration, and cause a flow that would place in Mexico an European and American population of 3,000,000 of people in five years. The revenues of Mexico amounted, in 1840, to twenty or thirty millions (20,000,000 or 30,000,000) of dollars. The total expenditures of the government was thirteen millions one hundred and fiftyfive thousand nine hundred and twenty-two (13,155,922) dollars. Eight millions (8,000,000) of this was expended upon the army, which amounted to forty thousand (40,000) men, but which is now disbanded. The public debt amounted, in 1844, to little less than one hundred millions (100,000,000) of dollars, and is now over that, of which the internal debt amounted to eighteen millions five hundred and fifty thousand (18,550,000) dollars. By be increased, and with less oppression of the peojudicious alterations of the tariff, the revenues could ple, whilst all deficiencies might be met by contributions upon the cities or departments.-N. Y Courier and Enquirer. RUIN OF IRELAND. [THESE dreadful notices and comments are copied from the Spectator. During the long time in which O'Connell was drawing his large rent from the miserable men whom he was deluding with hopes of repeal, we foresaw that the despair which must ultimately come upon the land would break out in blood. The appetite for it was keenly excited, and there was but one man strong enough to stay it. Teaching the people how to evade the law-how to set it at defiance, without incurring the penalty-was added to continual instruction to hate England. Against the Saxon of the present day was directed the accumulated rancor of ages. Every means was employed to bring law into contempt. And the whigs, for opposition purposes;-to gain the ascendancy at home; to get Irish votes against Sir Robt. Peel-lent aid and comfort to the demagogues who were pursuing their course of demoralization. Verily! they have their reward! But our worst anticipations have been exceeded. We feared an attempt at revolution by force: an outbreak of the pent-up passions of a patriotic and deceived people, This has not taken place; the poison has sunk deeper. The war is against property. Assassination, even of men who are devoting themselves and their property to relief of the country, carries so much of public opinion with it, that it cannot be punished-it can hardly be brought to elsewhere, appear to be destroyed in Ireland. Women and children are murdered wantonly. And women and children take part in murdering their benefactors, without pity. trial. All the kind instincts which human nature shows mention of the murder. The Irish Thuggee tran- On Sunday last, there was a great meeting at We copy but a few of the accounts. There is a horrid man." We do not know whether these words monotony in them. would warrant a civil prosecution, because they But, before leaving the subject entirely, we wish to say may not seem to be a direct incitement to a specific a few words to party politicians in our own country. We criminal act; but we should think that in any are not beyond the possibility of some portion of such a cup of misery. The conspiracies against property in some other province of the Romish church they would parts of our country; the nullification of South Carolina; subject the utterer to ecclesiastical discipline. They the frequent threats of dissolving the union, made some-appear to be, at the best, the manifestation of a times by one party and sometimes by the other; the wholesale, illegal, murderous expulsion of the Mormons; the varied catalogue of Lynch-law proceedings; these are matters which ought to give awful warning to us not to sow the seed of contempt of lawful authority; not to allow our opposition to laws which we do not like, to carry us to the excess of treating those who make them as tyrants or traitors. Such denunciatory attacks come, as we are well aware, from men who do not believe the charges they make, and who are not so bitter as they seem; they are intended only to affect the ignorant and the passionate-and they are, like other electioneering expedients, to end with the election. But it is a high crime thus to profane the very holiest parts of our national system. And the motive is a miserably sordid one on the part of the wire-pullers-the manufacturers of public opinion the organs of all parties.] BLOOD flows in Ireland. Victim after victim falls beneath the Celtic custom of Thuggee, which really seems at present to select for its sacrifices the best men in the land. So atrocious is the record of these daily crimes, as to suggest a belief that there must be exaggeration in the statements; but we are assured on the most trustworthy information that the accounts are softened rather than exaggerated—that circumstances of ruffianism are suppressed or passed over in silence, and that many a dead body is thrown into a bog without even a genuine opinion that the Irish custom of standing To apply the general opinion expressed by the Celtic priest, the case of Major Mahon will illustrate its practical working. Major Mahon was one of those few landlords in Ireland who possessed both the will and the means to fulfil advice frequently thrown out in England, that his class should strive to raise the character of agriculture on their estates, and thus elevate the condition of their resident tenants; at the same time providing for those who might be removed in the process. Major Mahon did this: he removed many tenants, but he set apart a large sum yearly-3,500l., we the presence of an army should be needed to enforce it. If the ordinary tribunals aid in concealing guilt by perverse verdicts, independent tribunals should be established. To whatever length crime goes, the strength of constituted authority ought to be prepared to go yet further, and to visit upon the abettors of guilt a penalty aggravated in proportion to their contumacy.-20th Nov. believe to aid them in emigrating. He had this of rent is the object of the local conspiracy, the autumn given notice of ejectment to a considerable rent ought to be exacted to the last penny, though number of tenants; the notice being delivered pro forma as a step necessary to ulterior proceedings; but it was accompanied by an intimation that the tenants should be undisturbed throughout the winter, and that in the spring they should be aided to emigrate. This was quite satisfactory to the tenants. Major Mahon addressed them personally from his carriage, explaining his views; and they expressed their satisfaction, with Irish enthusiasm. On that very spot he was murdered. For, however warm the gratitude of an Irish peasant may be, he owes another allegiance. In a chapel of the district this beneficent landlord was denounced as an 66 exterminator," with many harsh expressions; and the priest wound up his denunciation in these words-" He is worse than Cromwell: and yet he lives!" Coming out of that chapel, that Sunday, one of the congregation said to another" If he lives a month after this, he is immortal!" He was shot on the Monday. As Archdeacon Laffan's opinion is not singular, so neither is Major Mahon's case. Our columns teem with stories of bloodshed. In one case a little girl played the part of jackall to the murderers this complicity of children is an old trait of murder in Ireland; and it shows how a training to Thuggee is a part of education. Why should the priest regard conduct like Major Mahon's as wicked? Marvellous as such a distorted perception may seem, there does happen to be one reason: emigration removes the paymasters of the priests; in that respect, Major Mahon was spending 3,500l. a year in reducing the numbers of the Romish flocks on his estates. The Irish papers supply some remarkable illustrations of the mode in which landlords are accused of "extermination." One case is that of Mr. Ussher, who has been at two periods denounced from the altar, and whose case is narrated in detail by the Dublin Evening Mail— "Mr. Ussher inherited from his father the estate of Ballysaggart, near Lismore. At the period of Mr. Ussher's obtaining possession of it, he found it a vast tract, principally mountain land, with a frontage to the Blackwater, along the banks of which a few acres of good land lay; the whole of the remainder, to the amount of nearly eight thousand acres, consisted of heath and gorse, or furs, all reclaimable, but at that period in a state of nature, or nearly so. Thirty years ago, Mr. Ussher undertook the Herculean task of rendering this barren moor a fertile district, of enclosing a park, and establishing his own residence upon it. A princely demense has been created-planting to the extent of over a thousand acres been executed; and one of the most beautiful residences in Ireland formed. A sum little if at all short of 60,000l. sterling was expended in wages during that period, and from eighty to one hundred men daily employed and punctually paid and thus, for upwards of thirty years, from five to six hundred persons have been entirely supported by this gentleman, described now as a plague and a curse' to his district. Mr. Ussher's efforts were not, however, confined to forming his own residence. He undertook the reclamation of the remainder of the mountain land; and for that purpose, about the year 1833, he let off on lease to a considerable number of persons portions of the land, varying in extent from thirty to eighty acres. The terms of the lease, in every Some law of extraordinary vigor, sternly admin- case, were these-for the first seven years of occuistered, is wanted here. It may not be possible pancy, a peppercorn rent; for the second seven to proceed against priests, as priests; but all should years, five shillings per acre; and for the remainbe made to suffer who participate in a guilty knowl- der of the term of twenty-one years (the duration edge. Lord Clarendon has already indicated pro- of the lease) a rent of twelve shillings and sixpence ceedings against those who harbor criminals; but per acre. In many cases he constructed the houses a more extensive measure is needed, because, on those farms; in all cases he gave efficient aid where the people of a district interpose to shield in their construction. He granted them also a the particular criminal from the operation of the right of turbary to the extent of what they relaw, he can only be got at by dealing with the quired for their own use; but, because turbary is whole community among whom he is as it were an article quickly exhaustible, he prohibited the enclosed and lost; and this inconvenience is a fit cutting of turf for sale to strangers; he secured penalty for the wrong-doing of that community. also for the tenants a supply of limestone free of The district which participates in crime should charge-the only thing needful, along with their feel the disadvantages of crime. The expenses own industry, to secure the complete reclamation of pursuit should be borne by each locality in which of the soil, and the comfort and even affluence of criminals remain undetected. If the withholding the tenantry, as the land was all highly improva Do not let us be misunderstood: we do not mean to insinuate that the priests incite the murder of landlords to keep down emigration. What the facts before us seem to show is, that murder is regarded as a meritorious act, that opinion not being exclusively held by priests, but being general; that benevolent landlords, if they are improving landlords, are obnoxious to dislike; that they are denounced from the altar; that murder follows; that whole congregations, including children, are accessories before the fact. owed three half-years' rent, to September, 1847; which is untrue, as they owed several years' rent. He further states, that of those three half-years they offered a year's rent, which I refused to accept from any persons holding less than twenty acres of land. This is also untrue, as not one of them offered me a shilling; and although I cautioned them on the 18th of August, and frequently afterwards, that if they did not pay a year's rent they would he ejected, they never showed the least desire to pay anything. At length I was obliged, by their reckless conduct, to have the writ of habere executed; which was not done until the last moment, to afford them every opportunity of avoiding eviction. Your correspondent further states, persons in fever, and an aged man, were dragged from their sick beds; which is also untrue, as I did not turn out a single sick person; and the only aged man I saw walked quietly out of the house, and did not render it necessary for the sheriff to have him' dragged out.' ble Things went on satisfactorily enough for the first and part of the second period of the term; but, during the last two or three years of the second period, which expired last year, an organized system was got up to resist the increased rent of the last period. The tenants, in many instances, ceased to attend to their farms, which were now in a flourishing condition, and commenced a system of selling the turf on the moorland adjoining, to which they had no claim whatever; thus, not only robbing Mr. Ussher of his property, but absolutely rendering it impossible to carry further the reclamation of the estate, as where the surface was pared off to the gravel no possibility existed of reclaiming the soil left. Mr. Ussher was absent, for the purpose of educating his family, for a few years; and on his return he found the organization spoken of complete, and a system of wholesale robbery and spoliation of his estate going on. It need be hardly mentioned that he resisted it, and put a stop to this plunder, and also intimated his intention of enforcing his rights to the rent reserved in his leases; offering, at the same time, however, to accept a surrender from all or any of the tenantry who wished to give up their farms. The storm now broke forth; threatening letters were A tenant of Mr. Gore's, named Walker, who is sent-denunciations from the altar poured out—also his agent in Westmeath, has likewise written and, finally, they proved, as is usual, only the a letter in confirmation of Mr. Gore's liberality and precursors to a desperate attempt to murder this kindnessunfortunate gentleman. At noon-day, almost in sight of the town of Lismore, a villain, hired by the tenantry of the estate, made the attempt to shoot this gentleman.' This 66 plague and curse,' as Mr. Ussher was designated by the reverend father Fogarty, providentially escaped the blow, and two of the persons engaged in the attempt were tried and found guilty at the last Waterford Summer Assizes; and but for the intercession of Mr. Ussher would have been hanged. Six more of the party are in gaol, awaiting their trial for being engaged in the same attempt. "There is not, in fact, a particle of doubt but that the whole of the people around him, tenants and laborers, with the exception of some six or seven persons, were fully aware of, if not deeply implicated in, this conspiracy; and, although the bulk of them had eaten of his bread, and lived in comfort on the means provided for them through his humane and truly patriotic efforts, they saw him depart on the morning of the day the attempt was made on his life, believing they would behold him a corpse before night; yet no warning voice was raised—no hint given, to turn the doomed man from his fate." Another case is that of Mr. Ormsby Gore; whose proceedings were denounced in a local paper by "An Observer," under the head of "Irish Extermination in Leitrim," with many violent comments on the landlord's cruelty. One of Mr. Gore's agents, Mr. William Lawder, gives an explanation of the circumstances of the ejectment at Leganom Mr. Gore has notified his intention to enable those unable to hold farms to emigrate to America in the spring, and to provide them with habitations during the winter. 86 "During thirty years," he says, no tenant has been removed on any account from that property by him; nor has he ever given, in the selection of tenants, any preference on account of the religion or political feelings of the applicant. I have frequently had occasion to apply to Mr. Gore for subscriptions and assistance towards improvements in the neighborhood, public and private, and also in the absence of the agent (non-resident) to recommend tenants for indulgences and grants, owing to various causes; and in no instance has his purse ever been closed against me." Mr. Walker further states, that having lately recommended a liberal allowance on last year's rent, Mr. Gore's reply was-"You know the several cases of my tenants' circumstances better than I can; grant them such allowance as you may think proper and just, and I shall be satisfied." "I am now," continues Mr. Walker, "in the receipt of the rents; the tenants are paying well; they are contented and happy with the abatements I have given; and no party leaves me without giving a blessing to their landlord." One of the sufferers, the Reverend John Wolseley, incumbent of St. Michael's, Portarlington, in King's County, sends a letter to the Times, complaining of his hard position "For nearly twenty years I have been a minister of the established church; and during that time I have had nothing whatever to do with tithes, for my benefice is a chapelry of 901. a year, and is paid partly out of land set apart for the purpose, and partly by the ecclesiastical commissioners of Ireland from a fund bequeathed to small livings by Primate Boulter " "He has," he says, "devoted |