papers, and each paper 280 pins: making an ag- their proceedings, and to delight in their having gregate of 39,984,000 pins per week, or 2,079,- other pursuits than ours, are all based upon a 168,000 per annum. If the products of the other thorough perception of the simple fact that they are

two establishments, and the small amount imported, are together equal to the above, we should have a grand total of 4,158,336,000 pins for consumption in the United States, equal to 200 on an average, for every man, woman and child in the country. A pretty liberal allowance, we are thinking. The number of pin-making machines employed by said company is about 30, and of workpeople about 60.

not we.

Another rule for living happily with others is, to avoid having stock subjects of disputation. It mostly happens, when people live much together, that they come to have certain set topics, round which, from frequent dispute, there is such a growth of angry words, mortified vanity, and the like, that the original subject of difference becomes a standing subject for quarrel; and there is a tendency in all minor disputes to drift down to it.

It would be difficult to describe these machines so Again, if people wish to live well together, they as to make their operation intelligible to those who must not hold too much to logic, and suppose that have not seen them in motion. We will only say everything is to be settled by sufficient reason. that the wire which is to be wrought into pins Dr. Johnson saw this clearly with regard to married runs from a reel like yarn, into one end of the ma- people, when he said, "Wretched would be the chine, and comes out at the other, not wire, but pair above all names of wretchedness, who should be doomed to adjust by reason, every morning, all pins, cut, pointed, and headed, in the most perfect the minute detail of a domestic day." But the manner, at the rate of 150 a minute. This is about application should be much more general than he the usual speed, but the machinery is capable of made it. There is no time for such reasonings, and being so adjusted as to produce 300 a minute. nothing that is worth them. And when we recolBeing now of a yellowish color, they are thrown, lect how two lawyers, or two politicians, can go on by the bushel, into kettles containing a certain contending, and that there is no end of one-sided liquid, by which they are whitened and prepared such contention is the best mode for arriving at reasoning on any subject, we shall not be sure that for sticking; i. e. for being stuck into papers, in truth; but certainly it is not the way to arrive at rows, as they are bought at the stores. This good temper. process of sticking is also performed by a machine invented by Mr. Slocum. The narrow paper in which the pins are stuck, is wound from a reel, of any imaginable length, and then cut off at uniform intervals. One sticking-machine will stick as many pins as three pin-machines can make; and three of the former can be attended by one girl.

THE ART OF LIVING WITH OTHERS.

In the first place, if people are to live happily together, they must not fancy, because they are thrown together now, that all their lives have been exactly similar up to the present time, that they started exactly alike, and that they are to be for the future of the same mind. A thorough conviction of the difference of men is the great thing to be assured of in social knowledge; it is to life what Newton's law is to astronomy. Sometimes men have a knowledge of it with regard to the world in general they do not expect the outer world to agree with them in all points, but are vexed at not being able to drive their own tastes and opinions into those they live with. Diversities distress them. They will not see that there are many forms of virtue and wisdom. Yet we might as well say, "Why all these stars; why this difference; why not all one star?"

Many of the rules for people living together in peace follow from the above. For instance, not to interfere unreasonably with others, not to ridicule their tastes, not to question and re-question their resolves, not to indulge in perpetual comment on

If you would be loved as a companion, avoid unnecessary criticism upon those with whom you live. The number of people who have taken out judges' patents for themselves is very large in any with another who was always criticising his actions, society. Now, it would be hard for a man to live even if it were kindly and just criticism. It would be like living between the glasses of a microscope. But these self-elected judges, like their prototypes, are very apt to have the persons they judge brought before them in the guise of culprits.

above alluded to, is that which may be called critiOne of the most provoking forms of the criticism cism over the shoulder. "Had I been consulted"

"Had you listened to me"-" But you always will"-and such short scraps of sentences, may remind many of us of dissertations which we have suffered and inflicted, and of which we cannot call to mind any soothing effect.

Another rule is, not to let familiarity swallow up all courtesy. Many of us have a habit of saying to those with whom we live such things as we say about strangers behind their backs. There is no place, however, where real politeness is of more value than where we mostly think it would be superfluous. You may say more truth, or rather speak out more plainly, to your associates, but not less courteously than you do to strangers.

Again, we must not expect more from the society of our friends and companions than it can give; and especially must not expect contrary things. It is somewhat arrogant to talk of travelling over other minds (mind being, for what we know, infinite ;) but still we become familiar with the upper views, tastes, and tempers of our associates; and it is hardly in man to estimate justly what is familiar to him. In travelling along at night, as Hazlitt says, we catch a glimpse into cheerful-looking rooms, with light blazing in them, and we conclude, involuntarily, how happy the inmates must be. Yet there is heaven and hell in those rooms, the same heaven and hell that we have known in others.Friends in Council.

PROSPECTUS. This work is conducted in the spirit of | now becomes every intelligent American to be informed Littell's Museum of Foreign Literature, (which was favorably received by the public for twenty years,) but as it is twice as large, and appears so often, we not only give spirit and freshness to it by many things which were excluded by a month's delay, but while thus extending our scope and gathering a greater and more attractive variety, are able so to increase the solid and substantial part of our literary, historical, and political harvest, as fully to satisfy the wants of the American reader.

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Of all the Periodical Journals devoted to literature and science which abound in Europe and in this country, this has appeared to me to be the most useful. It contains indeed the exposition only of the current literature of the English language, but this by its immense extent and comprehension includes a portraiture of the human mind is the utmost expansion of the present age. J. Q. ADAMS.

LITTELL'S LIVING AGE.-No. 197.-19 FEBRUARY, 1848.

From Blackwood's Magazine.

DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA.

DON JOHN of Austria, the illegitimate son of the Emperor Charles V., (for an account of whose life we purpose to lay under contribution several curious documents lately published at Madrid,) was born in 1545. His parentage on the mother's side is not quite so certain. Brantôme, Moreri, and others, after mentioning the Countess Barbe de Blomberghe as Don John's putative mother, assert that, although Charles' mistress, she certainly was not mother to Don John, whose parentage, they hint, should be laid at the door of some far nobler dame. But Ranke, and the best informed modern historians, affirm that Barbe de Blomberghe was really Don John's mother. This lady belonged to a noble family of Flanders, and was a celebrated beauty of her day. After his love for her was extinct, Charles V. gave Barbe de Blomberghe, with a large dowry, in marriage, to a certain Seigneur Rechem, who held considerable possessions in the province of Luxemburg, and lived constantly at Antwerp.

career.

low out Charles V.'s intentions, but to educate
Don John for the military, instead of the ecclesi-
astical profession. This was not done, however,
without strong opposition from some of Philip's
royal council. The conduct of Don John, how-
ever pleasing to Philip II., drew upon the young
prince the bitter animosity of Don Carlos, who,
ever after, treated his companion with marked
indignity; his hatred one day went to the length
of twitting Don John with his illegitimacy. Don
Carlos called him a bastard, hijo de puta.
66 "Yes,"
said Don John, "I am a bastard; but my father
is a better man than yours:" whereupon the two

lads came to blows.

Passing over much of his early life, we come to the year 1569, when Don John was sent against the Moors of Grenada. In this expedition he developed considerable military talents, and gave such evidence of personal courage, that the old captains and veteran soldiers who remembered the early campaigns of his father, Charles V., called out with one accord, "Ah! this is a true son of the emperor." Ea! es verdadero hijo del emperador. Don John returned from this campaign crvered with glory, and with the reputation of being one of the best captains of the age.

Don John's early life was passed in the farmhouse of a rich peasant in the vicinity of Liege, where the young lad was subjected to all manner Meanwhile, the infidels were making rapid proof privations, and early inured to hard labor and gress in another part of the globe. The taking coarse fare-a fitting preparation for his future of Cyprus by the Turks alarmed all Europe to Brantôme mentions it as a fact much to such a degree, that a league was formed between Don John's credit, that, in spite of this humble the Pope, the Venetians, and the Spanish monarch, education as a peasant, he showed no trace of in order to put a stop to any further inroads in this vulgarity in after life, but, on the contrary, that he had excellent and noble manners in the field and quarter; a fleet was manned, soldiers were levied, to stem the threatened invasion of Christendom. in drawing-rooms. The emperor, Charles V., sent Don John, whose reputation was now exceedingly for the lad, when he grew up, to come to Spain, great, was selected for the command of the allied rewarded the honest peasant for his trouble, and forces. It had previously been offered to the Duke announced to Don John the secret of his birth. of Anjou. At this time of his life, Don John was Although the emperor loved the boy as the son of six-and-twenty, in the full bloom of youth and his old age, he gave him nothing during his lifemanly strength. Lippomano, a Neapolitan, detime, of which the ardent young prince much comscribes him as 66 a person of a most beautiful presplained, saying that "the emperor, having acence and of wonderful grace; with but little beard knowledged him as his son, should have given and large mustachios. His complexion is fair, him the means of living befitting his rank and and he weareth his hair long and turned back over birth." At his death, Charles left Don John noth- his shoulders, the which is a great ornament unto ing but a strong recommendation to his successor him. He dresses sumptuously, and with such care Philip II. The only wish which escaped the and neatness, that it is a sight to see.” "Moredying monarch was, that Don John should be edu-over," adds Lippomano, "he is active and well

cated for the church.

made, and succeedeth beyond measure in all manly exercises.' No one rode, no one wielded the sword better than the young hero, who, moreover, had all the popular qualities fitted to ingratiate him with women and soldiers-he was gracious, affable, and open-handed. Even at this early age, Don John lamented that he had not already won by his own right hand some independent kingdom

* Ranke, Fürsten und Völker, vol. i., p. 170.

of his own. To the attainment of this object he and other light and fast-sailing vessels to retire looked confidently to the league or to the Venetians; and the great victory of Lepanto, which he gained at the head of the allied fleets-to which period in the life of our hero we have now arrived -seemed to justify his expectations; in this, however, he was doomed to be disappointed.

from the scene of action, so that no one might think of escaping, but should fight to the last. When the armadas approached each other, Don John ordered the trumpets to sound the charge, and exhorted his people to prepare for action. On nearing the Turkish fleet, Don John was able to The battle of Lepanto was fought on the 7th recognize the galley of the Turkish admiral, Basa October, 1571. On the side of the allies were Hali, (Ali Pasha,) by its ensign and sacred standabout two hundred large galleys, six smaller ones, ard. Don John ordered his own vessel to bear and twenty-two other vessels; of these, eighty-one down upon the Turk, who reserved his fire until galleys and thirty frigates belonged to Spain, the the Spanish vessel was within half a boat's length, rest to his holiness the Pope, and to the Venetians. when he fired three shots; the first carried away The armament on board consisted of about twenty-some of the bulwarks of the vessel, killing several one thousand fighting men, of whom eleven or of the galley-slaves at their oars; the second passed twelve thousand were Spaniards, the rest Italians over the caboose or kitchen on board Don John's and Germans. Don John, like a good general, vessel, which was occupied by soldiers armed with had carefully seen that the galleys were well-pro- arquebuses; while the third shot went over the vided with ammunition; each galley, in addition heads of several soldiers who were intrenched in to its regular crew and armament, had one hundred one of the boats on deck. Don John, who had and fifty extra soldiers on board. The Turkish likewise reserved his fire, now poured in a volley, fleet consisted of two hundred and twenty-five large which did infinite mischief to the Turk; and the galleys, and seventy other smaller vessels, on board two galleys ran into one another with a mighty of which were, in all, about twenty-five thousand crash, and got hopelessly entangled. The battle fighting men. The Turks came sailing down the now became general, and raged furiously on both wind, full upon the allied fleet, with a confidence sides. No less than eleven other vessels were acquired by the frequency of their victories over engaged in the immediate vicinity of Don John and the Spanish vessels, which they had been in the Ali Pasha, and all the several crews fought hand habit of seizing and carrying as prizes into Argel to hand. The Turkish admiral was supported by and other ports. The Turks, moreover, had the seven other Turkish galleys, while Don John was advantage of the sun in their backs, and conse-assisted by five large vessels of his own side, of quently it poured its hot rays full in the face of the which one was the Roman galley, La Grifona, Christian host. Don John of Austria was at first commanded by Marco Antonio Colonna, and the in some trouble, as Don Alvaro de Bazan, the others were Venetian or Spanish. For one whole Marquis de Santa Cruz, commanding the Neapoli- hour the fighting continued without either party tan squadron, was by some means detained behind, apparently getting the best of it. Twice did the as well as Don Juan de Cardona, who had gone Spaniards carry the decks of the Turkish admiral's with eight galleys to reconnoitre a distant port. vessel, and twice were they driven back with treDon John, however, despatched a few quick-sail-mendous slaughter. Once they had almost reached ing frigates in search of them, the moment the the Turkish flag-staff. The caboose of Don John's Turkish fleet hove in sight. Meanwhile, Don vessel, filled with picked men under Don Pedro John and the crew of his vessel, as well as the Zapata, did infinite service; one man alone fired crews and soldiers of all those galleys which were forty rounds of cartridge. At the end of an hour near him, raised crucifixes, and standards, knelt and a half's hard fighting, victory inclined to the side down on the decks of their vessels, and made of the Spaniards. The pasha and above five hunhumble supplication to the Almighty to give them dred of his men were killed, his sons made prisonthe victory. Don John, with a soldier's heart, ers, his standard pulled down, and the cross planted had a strong dash of the priest in his composition. in its stead. About the same time the other galAbsolution was likewise given, during this interval leys near Don John's vessel likewise forced their of peace, to all who might so soon render up their way through the Turkish squadron. Don John souls to God, by Fray Juan Machuca, Alonso now ordered victory to be loudly proclaimed, and Serrano, Juan de Huarca, and other Franciscan had time to look about him, so as to bring assistand Capuchin friars and Jesuits who accompanied ance where it was most needed. the expedition. Luckily, at this moment the wind lulled, and the Turkish squadron was forced to come slowly on with their oars. This happy incident gave Don John plenty of time to arrange his order of battle.

On his return from his reconnoitring cruise, Don Juan de Cardona, admiral of the Sicilian forces, had fallen in with some fifteen Turkish galleys, which he kept employed until Don John of Austria bore down triumphantly to his assistance, It was mid-day on the 7th October, 1571, before and captured the infidels. Of five hundred Spanthe two armadas came together, and Don John iards who were with Don Juan de Cardona, not fired a gun as a signal to his fleet to commence the fifty escaped without a wound of some sort. It attack. By this time, most fortunately, the Mar- was in this same battle of Lepanto that Miguel quis de Santa Cruz, with the Neapolitan galleys, Cervantes lost his arm, and most of our readers had arrived. Don John ordered all the brigantines will recollect how the brave soldier tells the story

corsairs were likewise taken or killed. I cannot ex

of his own life in the fortieth chapter of Don ashore, and Uchali, with a part of his galliots, Quixote de la Mancha. The Marquis de Santa escaped. The admiral pasha died fighting, but his Cruz fought most bravely, and twice narrowly two young sons were taken. Many other notorious escaped death-two shots from an arquebuse glanced off from his armor of proof. In this battle the Turks lost 117 galleys and some other smaller vessels; 117 cannon, 17 mortars, and 256 smaller guns, and 3,486 slaves; all which booty was divided among the Spaniards, the Venetians, and the pope. The sacred standard of Mecca, of which Luis Marmol has written a glowing description, was sent, together with the news of this great victory, to Philip II., and reached the Escurial in November, 1571. This standard was about as large as a sheet; the white ground was covered with writing in the Arabic character, and most of the letters were gilt. It was burnt in the great fire which destroyed the monastery of the Escurial in 1671, just one hundred years after it had graced those walls.

When the news of this great victory reached Philip II., he was attending vespers at the church of the Escurial. A loud "Te Deum laudamus" was immediately sung with the whole strength of the choir, and the following day a solemn procession took place "in gratiarum actione," at which the austere monarch assisted. We cannot do better than quote a short letter, written to Philip's trusty and confidential secretary, Antonio Perez, by one Francisco Murillo, who was engaged in the battle of Lepanto; the letter is dated the 9th October, 1571, two days after the victory.

actly say the number of vessels taken or destroyed:
but I think for certain they are above two hundred;
and the best is that, of our squadron, no captain-
general or person of any importance is missing or
even wounded; of the others I only know of Cap-
tain Francisco de Cordoba, the nephew of the Mar-
quis of Santa Cruz, who was killed by an arquebuse-
It is the work of God and not of man.
shot; of other folk but few are killed or wounded.
You will
be pleased to hear that not one of our vessels but
has another in tow, which it has taken, and that
we all did well. The galley in which I was did
the least of all; we fought the Turk who was op-
posed to us, attacked the infidels' vessel by the poop,
throwing into it shot, stones, and fire until it sur-
rendered; and we captured two flags which hung
at the stern. Some soldiers got good booty in
clothes. After this we secured some others, and
drove so many ashore that it is a shame to tell;
and in all our vessel we had not so much as six
wounded, and not one killed. Many of our galley-
slaves who were released fought like lions, and
restored to liberty an infinite number of Christian
these were more than 2,000 Spaniards, and many
captives who were in the Turkish fleet; among
women and children whom the Turks had seized in
Cephalonia and other parts. Had not the season
been so far advanced, we might have gone safely as
far as Constantinople; at any rate we might have
taken all Greece and the Morea; but it is already
winter, and, moreover, we have not sufficient pro-
visions aboard.

"Don Bernardino de Cardenas died of a spent "Illustrious Sir,-Te Deum laudamus, te Deum ball from an arquebuse, which struck him on the confitemur! God and his illustrious Mother have breast; although the ball did not enter the flesh, been pleased to give us the victory over the Turk-Don Bernardino fell and never rose again. The ish fleet, and His omnipotence hath been most Count de Bianco, and a few other gentle folks likeclearly made known, inasmuch as this proud and wise fell fighting valiantly. Captain Juan Rubio great armada hath been broken and conquered. is safe and sound, after performing marvels with We fought valiantly some two or three hours; his crew; for he fought with three large galleys at many of our galleys were engaged with two, three, once, and made them all yield; but neither he nor or four of the enemy's vessels. The number of I have got a single maravedi. It would have been the Turkish vessels, as far as I could learn, no bad thing to have stumbled across a good purse amounted to about 270, rather more than less; in full of ducats. But you, sir, will remember your the which they had stowed as many men at arms servants; we have no hope from any one after you as they could collect in all Greece, both cavalry but in God, who we pray may keep you and your and infantry, the best they could find; and they house in that health and in that increase of wealth were directed to come in search of us-for such which we, your servants, do desire. From Le were the orders from Constantinople. Some of Corchorale, this 9th October, 1571. Illustrious the vessels of the armada, and some foot-soldiers, sir, I kiss your hands. I entreat you to send a serhaving been despatched on the approach of Don vant with this, on the first opportunity to my brother John of Austria, to consult with the Turk as to the canon. I take this liberty as the affair is of what was to be done, the seignior ordered the importance."+ Turkish fleet to seek until it found us. Nor had they much trouble therein; for the very same morning on which they left the port with this intent, namely, on Sunday the 7th October, the day of St. Mark, Pope and Confessor, the two fleets came in sight of each other, near some islands called Le Corcholare, (?) whither they were coming with the same intent as ourselves, namely, to anchor. When we made this mutual discovery, nothing was to be done save to prepare for action. The Turks were

Two years after the battle of Lepanto, Don John of Austria gained fresh laurels at Tunis and Biserta; and these victories seem to have confirmed him in his ambitious projects of obtaining an independent kingdom. Juan Soto, a man of much experience in military matters, who, at the time of the expedition to Grenada, had been placed about his person as secretary by Ruy Gomez de Silva, Prince of Eboli, and who had served with

amazed at the smallness of our number, and thought that we should fly; but they were speedily unde- Uchali was a famous renegade, a Calabrian by birth, ceived, and very much to their cost; for, in the who, from being a slave of the grand seignior's, became short space of time I have mentioned, not a vessel king of Argel.-See Brantôme, Hommes Illustres, vol. i., of theirs but was taken, sunk, or burnt, or had fled. + Documentos ineditos para la Historia de España Many escaped by running their smaller vessels vol. iii., p. 224.

p. 286.