CALM, the state of rest which appears in the air and sea when there is no wind stirring. A calm is more dreaded by a sea-faring man than a storm, if he has a strong ship and sea room; for under the line excessive heat sometimes produces such dead calms, that ships are obliged to stay two or three months without being able to stir. Two opposite winds will sometimes produce a calm. This frequently occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, at no great distance from the shore, where some gust or land wind will so poise the general easterly wind, as to produce a perfect calm. Calms are never so great on the Ocean as on the Mediterranean, as the flux and reflux of the former keep the water in a continual agitation, even where there is no wind; whereas there being no tides in the latter, the calm is sometimes so dead, that the water is as clear as a lookingglass; but such calms are almost constant presages of an approaching storm. On the coasts about Smyrna, a long calm is reputed a prognostic of an earthquake. It is not uncommon for vessels to be becalmed, in the road of the constant Levantine winds, in places where they ride near the land. Thus between the two capes of Cartooche toward the main, and Cape Antonia in Cuba, the sea is narrow, and there is often a calm produced by some gust of a land wind that poises the Levantine wind, and renders the whole perfectly still for two or three days. In this case the current that runs here is of use to the vessels, if it sets right; when it sets easterly, a ship will have a passage in three or four days to the Havannah; but if otherwise, it is often a fortnight or three weeks' sail, the ship being embayed in the Gulf of Mexico. When the weather is perfectly calm, the sailors try which way the current sets, by sending out a boat, which will ride motionless though there is no bottom to be found, as well as if secured by the strongest anchor. Their method is this: they row the boat to a little distance from the ship, and then throw over their plummet, which is about forty pounds weight; they let this sink to about 200 fathoms; and then, though it never reaches the bottom, the boat will turn head against the current, and ride as firmly as possible.

CALM LATITUDE 3, in sea language, are situated

in the Atlantic Ocean, between the tropic of Cancer and the latitude of 29° north, or they denote the space that lies between the trade and variable winds, because it is frequently subject to calms of long duration.

CALMAR, a sea-port of Sweden, in the province of Smaland, 150 miles south-west of Stockholm, and forty from Carlscroon. It is divided into two towns, the old and the new. The new town is built a little way from the other, and is large and handsome.

CALMET (Augustine), one of the most learned and laborious writers of the eighteenth century, was born at Mesnil le Horgue, in France, in 1672, and took the habit of the Benedictines in 1688. Having passed through the usual course of philosophy and theology, he was employed in teaching the younger part of the community, till, in 1704, he settled as sub-prior in the abbey of Munster, in Alsace, where he presided over an academy of eight or ten monks devoted to the study of the Scriptures. There he composed his commentaries on the Scriptures, published in French from 1707 to 1716. In 1718 he was appointed to the abbacy of St. Leopold in Nancy; and in 1728 he was elected abbot of Senones. The title of a bishop in partibus was offered him, but he declined accepting it. He wrote, 1. Commentaire Litteral sur tous les Livres de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, 23 vols. 4to. 1707-1716, reprinted in 26 vols. 4to., and also in 9 vols. fol.; abridged in 14 vols. 4to. by Rondet, and a new edition of the abridgment in 17 vols. 4to. Avignon, 1767-73. 2. The Dissertations and Prefaces, published separately, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1720. 3. Histoire de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, intended as an introduction to Fleury's Ecclesiastical History, 2 and 4 vols. 4to., and 5 and 7 vols. 12mo, 4. Dictionnaire Historique, Critique, et Chronologique, de la Bible, 4 vols. fol. Paris, 1730, translated into English by Samuel D'Oyly, 3 vols. fol. London, 1732, and a new edition in 4to. 1793, &c. 5. Histoire Ecclesiastique et Civile de la Lorraine, 3 vols. fol. reprinted in 5 vols. fol. 1745. 6. Bibliotheque des Ecrivains de Lorraine, fol. 1751. 7. Histoire Universelle Sacrée et Profane.

15 vols. 4to. &c.

CALMUCKS. See KALMUCKS.

CALNE, a town of Wiltshire, seated on the river of the same name. It had a palace of the West Saxon kings. Its chief manufacture is cloth. It sends one member to parliament; and lies twelve miles west of Marlborough, and eighty-eight west of London.

CALNEA, in ancient geography, a city in the land of Shinar, built by Nimrod, and the last city mentioned (Gen. x. 10.) as belonging to his kingdom. It is believed to be the same with Calno mentioned in Isaiah x. 9, and with Canneh in Ezekiel xxvii. 23. It is observed that it must have been situated in Mesopotamia, since these prophets join it with Haran, Eden, Assyria, and Chilmad, which carried on a trade with Tyre. It is said by Chaldee interpreters, as well as by Eusebius and Jerome, to be the same with Ctesiphon, upon the Tigris, about three miles distant from Seleucia, and that for some time it was the capital city of the Parthians.

CALODENDRUM, in botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order digynia. The essential characters are CAL, five-parted: cor. petals five; nectaries five: PER. capsule five-celled and five-angled; but the corolla, nectary, and stamens so often differ in the number of their parts, that the capsule may be said to be the only essential. There is but one species: a native of the Cape.

ALOGERI, kaλoyepo, in church history, mos of the Greek church, divided into three degrees; viz. the archari, or novices; the microcheni, or the ordinary professed; and the megalochemi, or more perfect; they are likewise divided into cænobites, anchoutes, and recluses. The canobites are employed in reciting their offices from midnight to sun-set; they are obliged to make three genuflexions at the door of the choir, and returning, to bow to the right and to the left, to their brethren. The anchorites retire from the world, and live in hermitages in the neighbourhood of the monasteries; they cultivate a little spot of ground, and never go out but on Sundays and holidays, to perform their devotions at the next monastery. The recluses shut themselves up in grottoes and caverns on the tops of mountains, which they never leave, abandoning themselves entirely to Providence: they live on the alms sent them by the neighbouring monasteries. Some reckon the Caloyers a branch of the Calogeri.

CALOMEL, chloride of mercury, frequently called mild muriate, or dulcified sublimate of mercury.

CALOPHYLLUM, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and polyandria class of plants: COR. tetrapetalous: CAL. tetraphyllous and colored; the fruit a globose plum. There are two species, both lofty trees, indigenous to India; from one of which, C. inophyllum, upon incision of its bark, exudes the resin called tacamahac. CALOPUS, in zoology, a genus of the class insecta, order coleoptera. Antennas filiform; feelers four, the fore-ones clavate, the hind-ones filiform; thorax gibbous; wing-cases linear. Three species; two European, one American. CALORIMETER, an instrument first contrived by Lavoisier and Laplace, to measure the heat given out by a body in cooling. It consists of three vessels, placed one within the other, so as to leave two cavities between them; a frame of iron net-work being suspended in the middle of the innermost vessel, to hold the heated body. The two exterior concentric interstices are filled with bruised ice, by the fusion of which the heat given out by the central hot body is measured. The water runs off through the bottom, which terminates in the shape of a funnel, with a stopcock.

CALOTE, a species of skull-cap worn under the hat by officers and soldiers of the French cavalry, and which is proof against a sabre or a sword. Calotes are usually made of iron, or dressed leather. Those delivered out to the troops are made of iron.

CALOTE, a term used in the French service for the lieutenant's court, at which the first lieutenant of the regiment, for the time being, always presided. It took cognizance, as a court of ho

nor, of all disputes in which the laws of honor or of good breeding had been violated. Our regimental committees resemble the calote, especially with regard to the expulsion of an officer, or the sending of him to Coventry.

CALOTES, in zoology, a species of lacerta, with a round long tail; the fore part of the back, and hinder part of the head being dentated Found in the island of Ceylon.

CALOTTE', n. s. French. See CALLET. CALOYERS, n. s. Καλος. Monks of the Greek church.

Temperate as caloyers in their secret cells.
Madden on Boulter.

CALOYERS are of the order of St. Basil. A numerous body of them live on Mount Athos, and never marry, though others of that church do. They abstain from flesh, and fare very hardly, their ordinary meals being olives pickled when they are ripe. They are about 6000 in all, and inhabit several parts of the mountain. They are so respected that the Turks themselves will often send them alms. These monks are not idle, but labor with the axe, spade, and sickle, dressing themselves like hermits. Formerly they had fine Greek MSS., but they are now become so illiterate, that they can scarcely read or write. They live to a great age. See CALOGERI.

CALPE, a mountain of Andalusia in Spain; at the foot of which, towards the sea, stands Gibraltar. It is half a league in height towards the land, and so steep that there is no approaching it on that side. It was anciently reckoned one of the pillars of Hercules; Abyla being the other.

CALPHURNIA, a female orator of ancient Rome, who pleaded her own causes before the senate; but is said to have proved so troublesome, that they made a law, that thenceforward no woman should be allowed to plead.

CALPHURNIUS (Titus), a Latin poet of Sicily, who lived under the emperor Carus and his son. Seven of his eclogues are extant.

CALTHA, in botany, marsh marigold, a genus of the monogynia order, in the polyandria class of plants, No calyx; five petals; no nectaria; capsules many, and polyspermous. There are but two species known; viz. 1. C. palustris, with stem erect; found in our own marshes: 2. C. natans, with procumbent floating stem; a native of Siberia. The flowers gathered before they expand, and preserved in salted vinegar, are a good substitute for capers. The juice of the petals, boiled with alum, stains paper yellow. Goats and sheep eat this plant; horses, cows, and swine, refuse it.

CALTROP, in botany. See TRIBULUS.

CALTROPS, n. s. Sax. coltnæppe ; an instrument made with three spikes, so that which way soever it falls to the ground, one of them points upright, to wound horses feet.-A plant common in France, Spain, and Italy, where it grows among corn, and is very troublesome; for the fruit being armed with strong prickles, run into the feet of the cattle. This is certainly the plant mentioned in Virgil's Georgics, under the name of tribulus.

The ground about was thick sown with caltrops, which very much incommoded the shoeless Moors.

Dr. Addison's Account of Tangiers

CALTROPS, in military affairs, an instrument with four iron points, disposed in an angular form, so that three of them are always on the ground, and the fourth pointing upwards. They are scattered over the ground where the enemy's cavalry is to pass, in order to embarrass them. CALVA, or CALVARIA, from calvus, bald; the scalp or upper part of the cranium, comprehending all above the eyes, temples, ears, and occipital eminence.

CALVART (Denis), a celebrated painter, born at Antwerp in 1552. He studied painting under Fontana and Sabbatini. He opened a school at Bologna, which became celebrated; and from which proceeded Guido, Albani, and other great masters. Calvart was well skilled in architecture, perspective, and anatomy, which he considered as necessary to a painter, and taught to his pupils. His principal works are at Bologna, Rome, and Reggio. He died at Bologna,

in 1619.

CALVARY, from calvaria, i. e. the place of a skull, called also Golgotha, which signifies the same, a hill of Judea, west of Jerusalem, on the outside of the city, where our Saviour was crucined, and where malefactors were commonly executed. Some derive the name from the resemblance of the hill to a man's head; others from its baldness, as it was said to be destitute of verdure; but it is more probable, that the hill derived its name from the many skulls of those executed, being carelessly tossed about upon it. Tradition says Adam was buried upon it. The British Princess Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, about A. D. 330, erected a magnificent church over our Saviour's sepulchre, near it, which is still visited by superstitious pilgrims. CALVARY, in heraldry, a cross, so called because it resembles the cross on which our Saviour suffered. It is always set upon steps.

CALVARY, in the customs of the Roman Catholic church, is a term sometimes used for a kind of chapel devotion, raised on a hillock near a city; in memory of the place where Jesus Christ was crucified near Jerusalem. Such was the Calvary of St. Valerian, near Paris: it was accompained with several little chapels, in each of which was represented in sculpture one of the mysteries of the passion. The Roman Catholics vindicate these pictorial exhibitions of the mysteries of religion, as justifiable upon the same principle as any other mode of bringing the facts memorialised upon the eye of the mind; and as particularly useful to those classes of society whose inclinations or avocations will per

mit them to read or think but little.

CALVERT, a county of the United States, in the Western Shore of Maryland; bounded on the east by the Chesapeake; on the north by Anne-Arundel county; and on the south and west by the river Patuxent. It is thirty-three miles and a half long from the mouth of the Patuxent to Lion's Creek, and nineteen and a half broad. The surface is hilly and the soil sandy; but it produces good crops of Indian corn, though the tobacco is of an inferior quality. CALVERT, George, afterwards Lord Baltimore, was born at Kiplin, in Yorkshire, about 1582,

and educated at Oxford, where he took the degree of B. A. He was made secretary to Sir Robert Cecil; he was afterwards knighted, and in 1618 appointed one of the principal secretaries of state. But after he had enjoyed that office about five years, he resigned it, telling king James, that he was become a Roman Catholic,-that he must either be wanting to his trust, or violate his conscience in discharging his office. This ingenuous confession so affected the king, that he continued him privy counsellor all his reign, and created him baron Baltimore. He afterwards obtained a grant of a country on the north part of Virginia from Charles I. who called it Maryland, in honor of his queen; but he died in April, 1632, aged 50, before the patent was made out. It was, however, filled up to his son Cecil, lord Baltimore; and bears date June 20th, 1632. It was held from the crown as part of the manor of Windsor, on one singular condition, viz. to present two Indian arrows yearly, on Easter Tuesday, at the castle, where they are kept and shown to visitors. His lordship wrote, 1. A Latin poem on the death of Sir Henry Upton. 2. Speeches in Parliament. 3. Various Letters of State. 4. The Answer of Tom Tell-Truth. 5. The Practice of Princes. And, 6. The Lamentation of the Kirk.

CALVI (Lazzaro), was born at Genoa, and was one of the scholars of Perino del Vaga, as was his brother Panteolo, with whom he worked. In the Palavicini palace, they painted the celebrated continence of Scipio. Envy worked so strongly in the breast of Lazzaro, that he had recourse to the foulest arts to avenge himself of those who were his rivals. Among those who fell victims to his unprincipled spirit, was Giacomo Bargone, whom he poisoned; and against other artists he contrived the basest machinations, in order to effect their ruin. At length he was employed to paint, in connexion with Andrea Semini and Luca Cambiasi, a picture of the birth of John the Baptist; but though Calvi exercised

s best powers, he fell short of Cambiasi, and Lazzaro, in a fit of mortification, went to sea. He followed that occupation twenty years, and then returned to his original profession, which he practised till his eighty-fifth year. He died in 1606 aged 105.

CALVILLE', n. s. French; a sort of apple. CALVIN, or CAUVIN, (John), a celebrated reformer of the sixteenth century, whose religi ous tenets have given rise to a large and respectable party among Protestants, called CALVINISTS, (which see), was born at Noyon, a city of Pi

cardy, July 10th, 1509. His father was a cooper, in respectable but not affluent circumstances, and sufficiently esteemed in the neighbourhood to be able to introduce his son into the Montmor family; with the children of which he was educated at his father's expense. He was sent with the children of his patron to the College de la Marche, at Paris, then under the regency of Maturin Cordier, and soon became distinguished for his application to study. From the College of La Marche he was removed to that of Mortaign, when he entered upon the pursuit of dialectics and philosophy, under the tuition of a leained Spaniard. In 1529 his father had sufficient in