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Ex.-My mirror is the mountain spring.

The predicate noun is sometimes introduced by as.
Ex. They drift as wrecks on the tide.

A pronoun used as an attribute complement is called a predicate pronoun.

The same forms are used both as subject and as attributė complement.

Ex. It is I. It is we. It is thou. It is you. It is he. It is she. It is they. Who is it? Which is it? What is it?

Adjectives, nouns, and pronouns may be used as attribute complements. Adjectives modifying pronouns are nearly always predicate adjectives.

Point out all predicate nouns and pronouns used as attribute complements in the following sentences:His only passion was the love of gold.

A royal messenger he came.

Navarre shall be the wonder of the world.

Books were his passion and delight.
Great souls are portions of eternity.
A mighty realm is the land of dreams.
The proper study of mankind is man.
She drifted a dreary wreck.

Europe is given a prey to sterner fates.
Our fortress is the good greenwood.
You know me well; I am he.

I know not which is which.

And I believed the poets; it is they

Who utter wisdom from the central deep.

Write five sentences each of which shall have a noun or

pronoun used as an attribute complement.

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EXERCISE

Selection for application of principles.

THE DEAD EAGLE

Fallen as he is, this king of birds still seems
Like royalty in ruins. Though his eyes
Are shut, that looked undazzled on the sun,
He was the sultan of the sky, and earth
Paid tribute to his eyry. It was perched
Higher than human conqueror ever built
His banner'd fort. Where Atlas' top looks o'er
Zahara's desert to the equator's line,

From thence the winged despot mark'd his prey,
Above the camps of the Bedouins, ere

Their watchfires were extinct, or camels knelt
To take their loads, or horsemen scour'd the plain;
And there he dried his feathers in the dawn

Whilst yet the unwakened world was dark below.

There's such a charm in natural strength and power That human fancy has forever paid

Poetic homage to the bird of Jove.

Hence, 'neath his image Rome array'd her turns
And cohorts for the conquest of the world.

And, figuring his flight, the mind is fill'd

With thoughts that mock the pride of wingless man. True, the carr'd aeronaut can mount as high;

But what's the triumph of his valiant art?

A rash intrusion on the realms of air.

His helmless vehicle a silken toy,

A bubble bursting in the thunder cloud;
His course has no volition, and he drifts

The passive plaything of the winds. Not such
Was this proud bird; he clove the adverse storm,

And cuff'd it with his wings. He stopp'd his flight
As easily as the Arab reigns his steed,

And stood at pleasure 'neath Heaven's zenith, like
A lamp suspended from its azure dome,

Whilst underneath him the world's mountains lay
Like molehills, and her streams like lucid threads.
Then downward, faster than a falling star,
He near'd the earth, until his shape distinct
Was blackly shadow'd on the sunny ground;
And deeper terror hush'd the wilderness,
To hear his nearer whoop. Then up again
He soar'd and wheel'd. There was an air of scorn
In all his movements, whether he threw round
His crested head to look behind him; or
Lay vertical and sportively displayed
The inside whiteness of his wing declined,
In gyres and undulations full of grace,
An object beautifying heaven itself.

-Thomas Campbell.

Read the above stanzas carefully and give the significance of the following words:

Atlas, Sahara, Bedouins, Jove, volition, zenith, and

gyves.

Name the participles in the first stanza, and state what word each modifies. What clauses are found in the second sentence of this stanza?

Explain the use of each adverb in the second stanza. Write a paraphrase of this stanza.

Point out all attribute complements, indirect objects,

nouns used as adjectives, and all proper nouns.

Write a biographical sketch of the poet Campbell.

Use the following suggestions:

Place and date of birth.

His school-life.

First poetical efforts.

Outline of his life.
His principal pcems.
Character of his poems.

SHALL AND WILL

EXPRESSING FUTURITY

The manner of forming the future tenses requires careful study, therefore, the auxiliaries of these tenses are here given further consideration.

Shall and will used to denote simple futurity are illustrated in the following paradigm.

STATEMENTS

I shall work.

We shall work.

You will work.

He will work.

They will work.

QUESTIONS
Shall I work?

Shall we work? Shall you work? Will he work? Will they work? Most errors in expressing future time occur in the use of will for shall in the first person. Frequent reference to the above forms will enable the learner to avoid this mistake. In questions involving future time shall, not will, is used with the first person, singular or plural. In the second and third persons the auxiliary used should be the same as that expected in the answer.

Ex.-Shall we cross the river? Ans. We shall.

Shall you attend the meeting? Ans. I shall.

Will he be permitted to graduate? Ans. He will. Will they enjoy the music? Ans. They will. Give reasons for the use of shall and will in the sentences that follow:

We shall reap what we have sown.

They will not venture to cross the river tonight.

Shall I demand a reward for a service so unimportant? Shall you call for the vase, or shall I bring it to you? Will the servants assist in the work, or shall we be obliged to do it alone?

The soldier asked, "Will the captain lead his regiment against a fort which seems so impregnable?"

He will return soon, and then you will be rewarded for your patience.

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