The past indicative of a regular verb has the same form as the past participle, and is subject to the same changes in form.

Ex.-Turn, turned; love, loved; cry, cried; rap, rapped.

Irregular verbs form the past tense in various ways.
Ex.-Go, went; do, did; come, came; set, set.

Except in the verb be, the only variation for person or number in the above tense, is found in the second singular of the old form, which adds st or est.

Ex.-Hoped, hopedst; did, didst; went, wentst, wentest.

Except in the verb be, the forms of the past subjunctive are identical with those of the past indicative.

As to the old form of the second person singular, however, grammarians do not agree. A great number hold that this form has no inflectional ending; thus, Thou looked, Thou had. The weight of authority seems to favor the identity of this form also with that of the indicative.

The present perfect tense represents the action, being, or state as completed at the time of the assertion. This may refer to action completed in the present or in a future period Ex. He has walked a mile today. When he has

read the book, you shall have it.

The forms of the present perfect tense are made by combining the indicative forms of the present tense of have with the past participle of the principal verb.

The past perfect tense represents the action, being, or state as completed at some given time before the assertion. Ex. He had delivered the letter when the manager arrived. If I had had such opportunities, I should have improved them.

The forms of the past perfect tense are made by combining the indicative forms of the past tense of the verb have with the past participle of the principal verb.

The forms of the future tense are made by combining the present forms of the verbs shall and will with the present infinitive of the principal verb.

When simple futurity is to be expressed shall is used for the first person, and will for the other persons.

When necessity, or determination is to be expressed, will is used for the first person, and shall for the other persons.

Use shall or will in questions according as the one or the other of these verbs is expected in reply.