the outlines of a complete system of geography conveyed in the plainest, the most concise, and the most instructive form..

3. The "Play Grammar is worthy of Miss Corner's wellearned reputation; it contains much in little bulk; and it is intended to induce children to think, by converting study into pastime. In this purpose Miss Corner has admirably suceeeded; and she, too, has illustrated her lessons with neat diagrams; for instance, in the degrees of comparison, she illustrates the word hot by the smoke arising from three plum puddings. The adjective beautiful is compared by the convolvulus, the tulip, and the rose as the superlative degree.

Parents will find these three beautifully got up works most useful in teaching the young idea of their children to think of education, not as a task, but as a delightful amusement, conveying knowledge along with pleasure.

NEW ROOFING.

At the recent show of the Smithfield Cattle Club, the Felt Roofing, exhibited by Messrs, Croggon & Co, attracted considerable notice. Model houses covered with this material were exhibited at stand 81, and from the principle of their construction, were objects of curiosity to the visitors. To show at once the utility of the invention, we need only mention, that a cottage erected upon the above priciples may be carried entire, for any number of miles in a one horse cart; and the expense is so low, that any man in ordinary employment may with ease command a tenement, capable of affording a complete and comfortable shelter to himself and his family. Felt as a roofing material, is found to be as durable as any hitherto known; and has the advantage of cheapness, and the latter quality must especially recommend it to persons requiring tempora y erections. Shortly after the " disruption" in Scotland, in 1843, Felt was in almost every instance used in roofing the temporary wooden erections; and its durable qualities being thus ascertained by the people, the same roofing was retained in many of the country districts, in the new Kirks which were erected with stone and lime..

THE

IT WAS about this time that several champions of a Reformation of the Church arose: amongst these we may mention Richard Fitzralph, Archbishop of Armagh ; Bradwardine, the royal chaplain; and, more especially, the celebrated John Wickliffe. Although the latter preached what, for the most part, was true, still his doctrines were much tainted with errors; the most egregious of which were his belief in purgatory on the one hand, and his rejecting Episcopacy on the other. His first attack upon the existing abuses in the Church was contained in a book which he published in A.D. 1356 — called "The last Age of the Church." In 1360, he published a pamphlet against the Mendicant orders. In 1365, he was appointed by Archbishop Islip, Warden of Canterbury Hall, but in the year after, Islip died, and Wickliffe was expelled. He appealed to the Pope; but his suit was rejected on account of his having supported the King in his refusal to pay to the Roman see, the tribute which King John had conceded. In 1376, he was presented to the Benefice of Lutterworth, and

the prebendal stall of Aust in Westbury Collegiate Church. In the following year, having been impeached on the charge of heresy, he was ordered to appear at London by Archbishop Sudbury and Bishop Courtney; but this ended in nothing. In 1381, he translated the Old and New Testaments into the English language, and wrote against the doctrine of Transubstantiation; but the latter step influenced so many of his friends against him, that he was obliged to retire to Lutterworth; where he died in the year 1384. So exceedingly zealous against Wickliffe was the Roman See, that many years after his death his bones were taken up out of the grave and thrown into a river, called the Swift. The followers of Wickliffe were called Lollards. In the reign of Richard II., we find that they petitioned Parliament to reform certain abuses in the Church.

IN THIS reign, although Richard was inclined to support the Clergy, we find that the Pope's power was considerably diminished by various enactments; but more especially by the "Statute of Promunire." About this time also, there were TWO INFALLIBLE Popes, anathematizing and excommunicating one another; and contending for the Papal Chair: this scandalous schism tended considerably to undermine the Romish Church; and it unsettled in men's minds the idea of one representative of the Church's unity. Moreover, not only politically, but morally and religiously, the generality of mankind had begun to doubt the legitimacy of the Papal claims to Supremacy; and the profligate guilt and licentious lives of two successive Popes--Alexander VI. and Julius II., served to increase these sentiments.

HENRY IV. Succeeded to the Throne, A. D. 1400. In this reign a statute was passed for the burning of heretics; and the Rev. Wm. Sawtrey, Rector of S. Osyth's, London, was the first Martyr for the cause of Reformation. During the reign of the succeeding Kings many circumstances occurred, which indirectly tended to bring on the Reformation, which we shall not set down here in regular order; but mention as need may be hereafter; in fact the mind of the English people were sick of

Papalauthority, its exactions and abuses, and wanted the power rather than the disposition to cast off the Romish yoke. The political, religious, and literary condition of Europe in the early part of the 16th Century was very greatly advanced. The discovery of America by Columbus, * and the passage to India round the Cape of Good Hope, entirely changed the course of Commerce: the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks, † caused the dispersion of a number of learned Greeks through Europe, by whose influence the taste for ancient literature was revived: the art of printing was in general use, which greatly facilitated the diffusion of knowledge; and finally the whole art of war had been changed by the introduction of gunpowder § and fire-arms. All these circumstances directly tended to call the attention of men to social improvements, and to make them more and more unwilling to submit to religious or political abuses. The actual work of Reformation was commenced in the Reign of King Henry VIII. It was indeed inevitable; and nothing could have stayed its course; but on the other hand there were several occurenees by which its final accomplishment was precipitated.

HENRY the Sovereign of England at this time was, from peculiar circumstances calculated, more than any other Prince, to bring about the Reformation in a peaceful way. For the King of England, while supporting Romish doctrines, declared himself the Supreme ** Head of the CHURCH: whereas we find that foreign Potentates backed by the Pope, whose authority they acknowledged, caused a great struggle in their dominions on this account.

* A.D. 1492. † A.D. 1453. A D, 1449. § A D. 1344.

** An antichristian and blasphemous assumption: that title indisputably belongs to CHRIST alone, WHO is "Head over all things to the Church." Queen Elizabeth saw the propriety of this and altered it into Supreme Governor of the Church :' this, however, must be understood in a qualified sense, and must not be taken to signify "Lawgiver."

FOR INSTANCE the Emperor Charles V. opposed Luther out of friendship for the Pope; and we read that there were serious broils for these reasons in Scotland and France. It was the infamous sale of indulgences in Germany under Leo. X., by which Martin Luther was stirred up to preach against this and the other corrupt doctrines of the Church of Rome. * His preaching was willingly received in the Electorate of Saxony; and he was supported and befriended by the Prince Frederick. In the year 1520 he was condemned by the Ball of Leo, But this served only to increase his zeal. He published a book called "THE BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY;" in which he attacked all the corruptions of the Church of Rome, and, when this was condemned to the flames, he was so bold as to burn the Papal Bull and decretals at Wittemburg. His works were attacked by Henry the Eighth of England, in a book which Henry dedicated to the Pope; for which he was rewarded by that Pontiff with the Title of "Defender of the Faith ;" and in consequence of the hostility of the Emperor Charles V., Luther was obliged to fly into Saxony, where the Romish Church had been abolished; but none set up in its stead. Thus the Reformation spread rapidly through Germany and Switzerland 9 and its progress was not a little accelerated by the furious and bigoted barangues which were delivered by the Clergy who were chosen for declaiming against the Reformation; the violent nature of which discourses served only to widen differences. After the deposition of Christiern FI. and the establishment of Gustavus Vasa, the principles of the Reformation made great progress in Sweden and Denmark. Nothing could now resist the course of the Reformation, and every effort of the Pope and the Emperor was unavailing. ‡ In consequence of this, *The names of Erasmus, Melancthon, and Bucer must also be noticed. Erasmus never separated from the Church of Rome.

The Reformation in Scotland was well nigh effected by We instrumentality of John Knox, His views were ultra