will then be closed and at that time a report will be compiled and printed and will be available for distribution sometime after the committee makes its final report to the Congress with its recommendations. I wish that all of you could have been with us at Castine on Tuesday to hear of and to see at firsthand, as we did, the splendid accomplishments of that fine institution. Let me say right here that I come to today's session with an even increased appreciation of the Maine academy, its faculty, and its fine body of students. No one could come away from the hearing on Tuesday or from the inspection of the academy's facilities ashore and afloat-without experiencing an upsurge of pride in both students and faculty. Indeed, they are truly carrying on in the Maine tradition of self-reliance and readiness to work in order one's own way. to pay As you may know, State maritime academy training goes back to 1874 when New York formally entered this field. Other States, including Maine, took up the work and today Massachusetts and California also play an important part in this highly specialized type of education. In 1940, with the establishment of the United States Maritime Academy at Kings Point, the Federal Government entered upon a program of maritime training on an emergency basis that far overshadowed in size and financial expenditure the activities of the State academies. Now there is much support in the Congress for a proposal to make Kings Point a permanent facility-with resulting apprehension among the friends of the State maritime academies that such action by the Federal Government could work to the disadvantage of the State academies. So that there might be no misunderstanding of the issues involved. I introduced a resolution in the Senate to authorize this study of maritime training-both Federal and State. Such a study should determine the need for training and the manner in which that need presently is being met. Once we have this factual information, the Congress should be able to chart intelligently a Federal policy which will give proper recognition to the long-established rights of the States, as well as the mar time needs of the Nation. May I say that in June the so-called controversy with regard to religious facilities at Castine was first brought to my attention. At my request the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress made a survey of religious facilities at the four State maritime academies and at the Coast Guard Academy, West Point, Annapols and Kings Point. At this time I should like to place in the record of this hearing a copy of the report prepared by the Legislative Reterence Service. (The document referred to above is as follows:) THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE SERVICE WASHINGTON, D. C. RELIGIOUS FACILITIES AND SERVICES AT THE UNITED STATES SERVICE ACADEMIES AND THE STATE MARITIME ACADEMIES The following report has been compiled from letters received by the Legislative Reference Service from the superintendents of the Federal service academies and the State maritime colleges in response to our request for information about the religious facilities at their respective institutions. A. Coast Guard Academy UNITED STATES SERVICE ACADEMIES A Navy chaplain (Protestant) is attached to the Academy staff and supervises the religious activities at the Academy. A Navy chaplain (Roman Catholic) is attached to the Coast Guard Training Station, Groten, Conn., and comes to the Academy to serve the Catholic personnel on an official additional duty basis. Catholic masses are said each Sunday in the memorial chapel at 8 a. m.; each Saturday at 6 a. m.; and on special occasions such as the first Friday of each month, holy days of obligation, and Stations of the Cross on Good Friday. Confessions are heard on Fridays between 4: 30 p. m., and 7 p. m. The Academy chaplain conducts Protestant services each Sunday in the memorial chapel at 9 a. m.; each Wednesday at 6:45 p. m.; as well as special seasonal occasions such as Christmas, Lent, Holy Week, Thanksgiving, etc. The Sacrament of Holy Communion is administered on the first Sunday of each month in the little chapel at 8 a. m. The new memorial chapel at the Coast Guard Academy was authorized by an act of the 80th Congress. No money was appropriated for the building. The chapel was built with money raised through public subscription. Contributions to the Coast Guard memorial chapel fund were deposited in the Treasury of the United States in accordance with regulations set forth by the Secretary of the Treasury. The fund was started in October 1948 and by May 1, 1952, a little more than $500,000 had been donated and deposited in the fund of the United States Treasury. Merchant Marine Academy A Roman Catholic and a Protestant chaplain are in constant residence; a rabbi, designated chaplain by the Jewish Welfare Board, comes each Friday and on special occasions. A recognized Christian Science reader and a Lutheran minister, the Metropolitan Student worker, come biweekly. There are 2 small chapels; 1 is used by the cadet-midshipmen of the Roman Catholic faith, and the other is shared by the Jewish and Protestant groups. Funds are being raised for the building of an interfaith chapel as a memorial to American merchant marine seamen and officers who have given their lives in the various wars for freedom. Contributions amounting to approximately $305,000 have been received and invested in Government bonds. It is estimated that the building costs of the proposed chapel will be $500,000. Daily mass, and a Friday evening novena, are celebrated by the Roman Catholic chaplain. A daily Protestant prayer service is held each morning, and two services are held on Sunday. Frequent Friday evening services are also held. Leave is granted on occasions of ecclesiastical importance, such as Christmas, Lent, Yom Kippur, Hanukkah; also to minority groups such as members of the Greek Orthodox and Latter Day Saints churches. Military Academy There are three chapels at West Point where religious services are conducted throughout the school year for cadets. The services at the cadet chapel are Protestant in nature, but are of a nondenominational character. A special prayer book has been prepared in which parts of services from all the leading Protestant denominations have been included. In the preface to this prayer book, the statement is made that the cadet service "maintains the tradition of worship at West Point in that, while no cadet will find it exactly like the service to which he has been accustomed, all should find herein much that is familiar to him, and none should find cause for offense." The cadet Protestant services are conducted by the chaplain, United States Military Academy, who is appointed for a 4-year term by the President of the United States. He is assisted by an assistant chaplain who is selected by the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. At the present time. these clergymen are of the Episcopal and Presbyterian denominations, respectively. During the year, guest preachers appear in the chapel about once a month and represent all of the leading Protestant denominations. The Roman Catholic chapel holds services throughout the year for cadets and other members of the garrison of that faith. Services are conducted by two priests who are appointed by the Archdiocese of New York. Jewish services are conducted each Sunday throughout the academic year at the old cadet chapel by a rabbi appointed by the Jewish Welfare Service of New York. Each cadet is required to attend 1 of these 3 services each week. In addition, opportunities are available to attend additional services, Bible discussions, and religious fellowship meetings. Voluntary Lutheran services are held each Sunday by an ordained Lutheran pastor. Christian Science services are also conducted by a reader who visits West Point several times a week. Naval Academy A consideration of the religious services at the Naval Academy must include not only those services conducted by chaplains in the Naval Academy chapel but also the many types of religious worship available to midshipmen in the city of Annapolis. They Midshipmen of the Jewish faith attend worship in the local synagogue. have the additional privilege or participating in the High Holy Day festivals of their faith and are granted special time for this purpose. Midshipmen of the Roman Catholic faith may attend the chapel where the service is conducted by the Roman Catholic chaplain attached to the Navs Academy; or they may attend St. Mary's Church in Annapolis. Mass is offered daily at the Naval Academy chapel. Midshipmen of the various Protestant faiths have the choice of attending the chapel service conducted by a chaplain of the Navy or of attending one of the denominations represented in Annapolis. The churches available to midshipmen are: Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopal, Latter Day Saints, Church of Christ. Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran (Missouri Synod), Evangelical Lutheran (Evangel ical and Reformed Synod), Christian Science, and Baptist. In the Naval Academy chapel, there is a visiting preacher once every 3 or 4 weeks, and these men represent various denominations. Among other religions facilities available to midshipmen are the Naval Academy Christian Association for Protestants, and the Newman Club for Catholics; these meet on alternate Sunday evenings and attendance is voluntary. There are also various Bible and instruction classes available to those who seek further information about their religion. The chaplains are available for counseling with midshipmen and the local ministers are welcome to come to the Naval Academy to meet with midshipmen of their faith. B. STATE MARITIME COLLEGES California Maritime Academy There are no religious facilities as such provided on the campus at this academy. There are, however, ample facilities available in the city of Valey which is immediately adjacent to the academy. The weekend routine at the academy gives ample opportunity for those desiring to take advantage of these facilities. Special arrangements for those so requesting can be made ontede of the weekend periods. There is no State or local prohibition of religious activities at the acadera! and the functioning of religious clubs or societies is encouraged. To date, there has been only one such club proposed by the student body. Its formation has been approved as will that of any other legitimate organization. Maine Maritime Academy There are no facilities available on the campus of this academy for relig services and none are held. However, there are 4 churches which students may attend, serving 5 denominations including Catholic, within the town blocks z! the academy domitory. Massachusetts Maritime Academy This academy does not have any religious facilities available on the campus, and does not ordinarily hold religious services. Church parties are sent out to the village of Buzzards Bay, and all students are given ample opportunity to attend the service of their choice. On the cruise, all students are given opportunity to attend services of their choice on Sundays. The schedule of the cruise is made up so that Sundays are spent in port where possible. When there is occasion for special services, the Catholic dioceses have designated a priest to hold them on board. In these cases they bring their own equipment. On the last cruise a Catholic chaplain embarked in Philadelphia and returned with the ship to Boston. He held services and confessions en route. A room was made available to him for the purpose of hearing confessions. New York Maritime College There are no religious facilities provided at this institution. There are denominational religious clubs at the maritime college. Students are free to attend these meetings at which representatives of the various denominations are invited to speak. The following excerpt from a letter to Mr. John T. Everett, maritime training officer, United States Department of Commerce, gives the legal aspects of the New York State constitution concerning religious services being held at a State school. The letter was written by John C. Crary, Jr., counsel for the State University of New York, concerning H. R. 6684, 84th Congress, which proposes to withhold Federal funds from any marine school which "prohibits cadets in attendance from participating in religious worship on its premises." "You ask whether the laws of this State prohibit religious services on the premises of a State school. "There are two relevant provisions of the State constitution. One is contained in article I, section 3, providing that the free exercise of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed in this State to all mankind. The other is the provision contained in article XI, section 4, prohibiting direct or indirect use of public property, credit, or money in support of any school or institution of learning, wholly or in part under the control of any religious denomination or in which any denominational tenet or doctrine is taught. In litigation contesting the use of public schools or other public premises for alleged religious purposes, the plaintiffs have sometimes also cited article 7, section 8, of the State constitution which in effect prohibits use of State funds for any but State purposes (Peo. ex rel. N. Y. Leagues for Separation of Church and State v. Lyons, 173 Misc. 821). In the case cited the plaintiffs sought to compel removal of chapels, erected at Elmira Reformatory and Clinton Prison on State property by prisoners with materials supplied by private subscription, and the discontinuance of the employment and payment of chaplains, as provided for by the correction law. The court held that erection of the chapels and the employment of chaplains did not violate either constitutional or statutory provisions. The decision was placed, however, on the ground that the prisoners were deprived of their liberty and measures designed to provide them with facilities for worship were in keeping with their right to enjoy. ment of their right to worship as they chose. It was carefully observed that the prisons were not institutions of learning to which the constitutional prohibition applied. "In another case seeking to prevent use of New York City school buildings for meetings by denominational groups, the court held to be a good defense that religious organizations were permitted to use school premises only for ethical, educational, and cultural purposes and in no way for the inculcation of religious tenets' (Lewis v. Board of Education, 247 App. Div. 106; see also N. Y. League, etc. v. Graves, 170 Misc. 196). "In deference to the constitutional restriction, the premises of State educational institutions have not been made available for the holding of denominational religious services as a matter of general policy and practice. "SEPTEMBER 29, 1955." "HELEN A. MILLER, The CHAIRMAN. In June I made the suggestion in Washington that a room at Castine be set aside as an interfaith devotional room which would be available to any religious group which wished to use it. Such a room would not be an actual chapel but would give the boys a place to go to meditate and pray if they so desired. This wouldn't interferee with regular attendance by the students in the various churches of the town of Castine. Such a room actually would be comparable to the prayer room in the Capitol in Washington which was established not too long ago and is available for use by Members of the Congress regardless of religious faith so that they might have a place where they could go in quiet and peace to meditate and pray or for such other religious purposes as they might desire. It is still my hope, of course, and I say very sincerely, that something along these lines might be possible to be worked out not only at Castine but at any of the other academies that we are to visit where we find that such facilities on the campus are not actually available. I also at this point wish to place in the record, because I believe that it is very significant in connection with this study, a further study that I had made by the Library of Congress with regard to Federal education and training programs for particular occupational groups. The reason I feel that this is important is because many have indicated in connection with their opposition to support at the Federal level of these State maritime academies that the Federal Government had no place in giving support to these State academies that it was strictly something for the States themselves to undertake. This report sets forth very clearly, indeed, a great number of activi ties that have been carried on through the years in other specialized fields of education in which the Federal Government has given support. I refer, for instnace, to the apprenticeship program. Ralp Leavitt is familiar with that. It is a matter I took a great deal of pride in while I was Governor. That is supported very substantially by the Federal Government in enabling those young men who wart to use their hands and brains to develop themselves, to realize that ambition, and we have had remarkable success with it. In the Department of Agriculture we refer to the Extension Service work supported by the Federal Government, and on down to the Atom Energy Commission education activities where they are carrying on workshop training schools and training in the use of radioisotopes. (The document referred to above is as follows:) FEDERAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR PARTICULAR Some Programs Comparable to the Government's Program for the INTRODUCTION For many years the Federal Government has made grants to States in support of State training schools for members of the merchant marine. Since 19 the Government also has operated directly the United States Merchant Mare Academy at King's Point, N. Y. The following report contains information on Federal education and training programs comparable to the Governments program for the merchant marine in assisting a particular occupational gro The report does not cover programs developed primarily to improve the c petence of Federal employees, including members of the Armed Forces as well 28 civilians. Nor does it deal with education aids for individuals claiming spec Federal benefits, e. g., veterans. The report excludes also international edu tional exchange programs enabling Americans to study abroad or fore nationals to get trained in the United States. And it does not cover varies activities aiding elementary and secondary education, such as assistance to |