Gentile world, Acts xvii, 30; in litans under him; and the patrifruitless professors. Luke xiii, 6, arch had under him several dio9; in Antichrist, Rev. ii, 21. Ch. ceses, composing one exarchate, xiii, 6. Ch. xviii, 8. See Char- and the primates themselves were nock's Works, vol. i, p. 780; Gill's under him. Usher, Pagi, De MarBody of Divinity, vol. i, p. 130;ca, and Morinus, attribute the esSaurin's Sermons, vol. i, ser. 10. tablishment of the grand patriand 11, 148, 149; Tillotson's Ser-archates to the apostles themselves, who, in their opinion, acPATRIARCHS, heads of fa-cording to the description of the milies; a name applied chiefly to those who lived before Moses, who were both priests and princes, without peculiar places fitted for worship, Acts ii, 29. Ch. vii, 8, 9. Heb. vii, 4. mons. world then given by geographers, pitched on three principal cities in the three parts of the known world, viz. Rome in Europe, Antioch in Asia, and Alexandria in Africa: and thus formed a trinity of patriarchs. Others maintain, that the name patriarch was unknown at the time of the council of Nice; and that for a long time afterwards patriarchs and Patriarchs, among Christians, are ecclesiastical dignitaries, or bishops, so called from their paternal authority in the church. The power of patriarchs was not the same in all, but differed ac-primates were confounded tocording to the different customs of gether, as being all equally chiefs countries, or the pleasures of of dioceses, and equally supekings and councils. Thus the rior to metropolitans, who were patriarch of Constantinople grew only chiefs of provinces. Hence to be a patriarch over the patri-Socrates gives the title patriarch archs of Ephesus and Cæsarea, to all the chiefs of dioceses, and and was called the Ecumenical reckons ten of them. Indeed, it and Universal Patriarch; and the docs not appear that the dignipatriarch of Alexandria had some ty of patriarch was appropriated prerogatives which no other patri- to the five grand sees of Rome, arch but himself enjoyed; such as Constantinople, Alexandria, Anthe right of consecrating and ap-tioch, and Jerusalem, till after proving of every single bishop under his jurisdiction. The patriarchate has been ever esteemed the supreme dignity in the church: the bishop had only under him the territory of the city of which he was bishop; the metropolitan superintended a province, and had for suffragans the bishops of his province; the primate was the chief of what was then called the diocese, and had several metropo-stantinople, who till then was the council of Chalcedon, in 451; for when the council of Nice regulated the limits and prerogatives of the three patriarchs of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria, it did not give them the title of patriarchs, though it allowed them the pre-eminence and privileges thereof: thus, when the council of Constantinople adjudged the second place to the bishop of Con governed the church in common. Indeed, after the name patriarch became frequent in the West, it was attributed to the bishops of Bourges and Lyons; but it was only in the first signification, viz. as heads of dioceses. Du Cange says, that there have been some abbots who have borne the title of patriarchs. only a suffragan of Heraclea, it the patriarchs was not acknow⚫ said nothing of the patriarchate. || ledged through all the provinces Nor is the term patriarch found in without exception. Several disthe decree of the council of Chal-tricts, both in the eastern and cedon, whereby the fifth place is western empires, were exempted assigned to the bishop of Jerusa- from their jurisdiction. The Lalem; nor did these five patriarchs tin church had no patriarchs till govern all the churches. the sixth century; and the There were besides many inde-churches of Gaul, Britain, &c., pendent chiefs of dioceses, who, were never subject to the authofar from owning the jurisdiction rity of the patriarch of Rome, of the grand patriarchs, called whose authority only extended themselves patriarchs, such as that to the suburbicary provinces. of Aquileia; nor was Carthage There was no primacy, no exever subject to the patriarch of archate, nor patriarchate, owned Alexandria. Mosheim (Eccles. here; but the bishops, with the Hist., vol. i, p. 284) imagines that || metropolitans, the bishops who enjoyed a certain degree of pre-eminence over the rest of their order were distinguished by the Jewish title of patriarchs in the fourth century. The authority of the patriarchs gradually increased till about the close of the fifth century: all affairs of moment within the compass of their patriarchates came PATRICIANS, ancient sectabefore them either at first hand ries who disturbed the peace of or by appeals from the metropo- the church in the beginning of the litans. They consecrated bi-third century; thus called from shops; assembled yearly in coun- their founder Patricius, preceptor cil the clergy of their respective of a Marcionite called Symmadistricts; pronounced a decisive chus. His distinguishing tenet judgment in those cases where ac- was, that the substance of the cusations were brought against bi-flesh is not the work of God, but shops; and appointed vicars or that of the devil; on which acdeputies, clothed with their autho- count his adherents bore an im rity, for the preservation of order || placable hatred to their own flesh, and tranquillity in the remoter which sometimes carried them so provinces. In short, nothing was far as to kill themselves. done without consulting them, and their decrees were executed with the same regularity and respect as those of the princes. It deserves to be remarked, however, that the authority of PATRIPASSIANS, a sect that appeared about the latter end of the second century; so called from their ascribing the passion or sufferings of Christ to the Father; for they asserted the unity stroy all distinctions of persons, and to make the Father and Son precisely the same; in which they were followed by the Sabellians and others. The author and head of the Patripassians was Praxeas, a philosopher of Phrygia, in of God in such a manner as to de- || resumed them, and was actually deposed by another council in 269. He may be considered as the father of the modern Socinians; and his errors are severely condemned by the council of Nice, whose creed differs a little from that now used under the same name in the church of England. The creed agreed upon by the Nicene fathers with a view to the errors of Paulus Samosatenus concludes thus: "But those who Asia. PATRONAGE, or ADvowSON, a sort of incorporeal hereditament, consisting in the right of presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice. Advowson sig-say there was a time when he nifies the taking into protection, and therefore is synonymous with patronage; and he who has the right of advowson is called the patron of the church. PAULIANISTS, a sect so called from their founder Paulus Samosatenus, a native of Samosata, elected bishop of Antioch in 262. His doctrine seems to have amounted to this: that the Son and the Holy Ghost exist in God in the same manner as the faculties of reason and activity do in man that Christ was born a mere man but that the reason or wisdom of the Father descended into him, and by him wrought miracles upon earth, and instructed the nations; and, finally, that on account of this union of the divine word with the man Jesus Christ might, though improperly, be called God. It is also said that he did not baptize in the name of the Father, and the Son, &c.; for which reason the council of Nice ordered those baptized by him to be re-baptized. Being condemned by Dionysius Alexandrinus in a council, he abjured his errors to avoid deposition; but soon after he was not, and that he was not before he was born, the catholic and apostolic church anathematize.' PAULICIANS, a branch of the ancient Manichees; so called from their founder, one Paulus, an Armenian, in the seventh century, who with his brother John, both of Samosata, formed this sect; though others are of opinion that they were thus called from another Paul, an Armenian by birth, who lived under the reign of Justinian II. In the seventh century, a zealot, called Constantine, revived this drooping sect, which had suffered much from the violence of its adversaries, and was ready to expire under the severity of the imperial edicts, and that zeal with which they were carried into execution. The Paulicians, however, by their number and the continuance of the emperor Nicephorus, became formidable to all the East. But the cruel rage of persecution, which had for some years been suspended, broke forth with redoubled violence under the reigns of Michael Curopalates, and Leo the Armenian, who in flicted capital punishment on such of the Paulicians as refused to return into the bosom of the church. The empress Theodoa, tutoress of the emperor Michael, in 845, would oblige them either to be converted or to quit the empire; upon which several of them were put to death, and more retired among the Saracens; but they were neither all exterminated nor banished. a part of the city of Milan, where they held their assemblies; and Gathari, or Gazari, from Gazaria, or the Lesser Tartary. In France they were called Albigenses, though their faith differed widely from that of the Albigenses whom Protestant writers generally vindicate (See ALBIGENSES). The first religious assembly the Paulicians had formed in Europe is said to have been discovered at Orleans Upon this they entered into a in 1017, under the reign of Roleague with the Saracens, and, bert, when many of them were choosing for their chief an officer condemned to be burnt alive. of the greatest resolution and va- The ancient Paulicians, according lour, whose name was Carbeus, to Photius, expressed the utmost they declared against the Greeks abhorrence of Manes and his doca war, which was carried on for trine. The Greek writers comfifty years with the greatest vehe-prise their errors under the sixth mence and fury. During these following particulars: 1. They commotions, some Paulicians, to- denied that this inferior and visiwards the conclusion of this cen-ble world is the production of tury, spread abroad their doctrines among the Bulgarians: many of them, either from a principle of zeal for the propagation of their opinions, or from a natural desire of flying from the persecution which they suffered under the Grecian voke, retired about the close of the eleventh century from Bulgaria and Thrace, and formed settlements in other countries. Their first migration was into Ita-among the Greeks, they refused to ly; whence, in process of time, adore and worship her.-3. They they sent colonies into almost all refused to celebrate the institution the other provinces of Europe, and of the Lord's supper.-4. They formed gradually a considerable loaded the cross of Christ with number of religious assemblies, contempt and reproach, by which who adhered to their doctrine, we are only to understand that and who were afterwards perse-they refused to follow the absurd cuted with the utmost vehemence and superstitious practice of the by the Roman pontiffs. In Italy Greeks, who paid to the pretended they were called Patarini, from a wood of the cross a certain sort of certain place called Pataria, being religious homage.-5. They re the Supreme Being; and they distinguished the Creator of the world and of human bodies from the Most High God who dwells in the heavens: and hence some have been led to conceive that they were a branch of the Gnostics rather than of the Manichæans.2. They treated contemptuously the Virgin Mary, or, according to the usual manner of speaking jected, after the example of the || the fall.-4. That the law quali greatest part of the Gnostics, the books of the old Testament; and looked upon the writers of that sacred history as inspired by the creator of this world, and not by the Supreme God.-6. They excluded presbyters and elders from all part in the administration of the church. fied men for the kingdom of heaven, and was founded upon equal promises with the Gospel.-5. That the general resurrection of the dead does not follow in virtue of our Saviour's resurrection.6. That the grace of God is given according to our merits.-7. That this grace is not granted for the performance of every moral act; the liberty of the will and infor The founder of this sect was Pelagius, a native of Great Britain. He was educated in the monastery of Banchor, in Wales, of which he became a monk, and afterwards an abbot. In the early part of his life he went over to France, and thence to Rome, where he and his friends Celestius propagated their opinions, though in a private manner. Upon the approach of the Goths, A. D. 410, they retired from Rome, and went first into Sicily, and afterwards into Africa, where they published their doctrines with more freedom. From Africa, Pelagius passed to Palestine, while Celestius remain PEACE, that state of mind in which persons are exposed to no open violence to interrupt theirmation in points of duty being tranquillity. 1. Social peace is mu-sufficient. tual agreement one with another, whereby we forbear injuring one another, Psalm xxxiv, 14. Psalm cxxxii. 2. Ecclesiastical peace is freedom from contentions and rest from persecutions, Isa. xi, 13. Isaiah xxxii, 17. Rev. xii, 14.-3. Spiritual peace is deliverance from sin, by which we were at enmity with God, Rom. v, 1; the result of which is peace in the conscience, Heb. x, 22. This peace is the gift of God through Jesus Christ, 2d Thess. iii, 16. It is a blessing of great importance, Psalm cxix, 165. It is denominated perfect, Isaiah xxvi, 3. Inexpressible, Phil. iv, 7. Permanent, Job xxxiv, 29. John xvi. 22. Eter-ed at Carthage, with a view to nal, Isaiah lvii, 2. Heb. iv, 9. See preferment, desiring to be adHAPPINESS. mitted among the presbyters of that city. But the discovery of his opinions having blasted all his hopes, and his errors being condemned in a council held at Car PELAGIANS, a sect who appeared about the end of the fourth century. They maintained the following doctrines: 1. That Adam was by nature mortal, and, whe-thage, A. D. 412, he departed ther he had sinned or not would certainly have died.--2. That the consequences of Adam's sin were confined to his own person.-3. That new-born infants are in the same situation with Adam before VOL. II. Hh from that city, and went into the East. It was from this time that Augustin, the famous bishop of Hippo, began to attack the tenets of Pelagius and Celestius in his learned and eloquent writings; |