tional, Presbyterian, and Reformed churches united for Home Missionary work in 1825. The Reformed churches withdrew in 1832, a part of the Presbyterian in 1837, and the remainder in 1861. Since then this society has belonged wholly to the Congregationalists, who adopted the present denominational name in 1893.

What have the Congregational churches done through this organization?

They have organized, or aided, over six thousand1 churches, besides schools and colleges, and conducted missionary work in every state and territory. They have not only established nearly all the Congregational churches in the West and Northwest and four-fifths 2 of all in the entire country, but they have aided many in depleting communities to maintain themselves. In 1912 they contributed for this work $594,691, and employed 1,178 missionaries, who ministered to 2,513 congregations. Among these Home Missionaries have been such men as Rev. J. D. Pierce, to whom the educational system of Michigan and of other states is due; Rev. George H. 'Atkinson, the chief promoter of Oregon's social, commercial, educational, and religious progress; Joseph Ward, the founder of Yankton College, of whom the gov1 This is as many as now exist, and includes nearly all of the oldest and strongest churches west of New York.

4

2 Leavening the Nation, p. 332.

8 Leavening the Nation, pp. 79, 80.

4" The new states of the Union, in framing their educational systems, have been glad to follow the example of Michigan, and have had fruitful and satisfactory success in proportion as they have adhered to it."-Judge T. M.-Cooley, in "Michigan," p. 328. 5 Leavening the Nation, pp. 200-206.

ernor of Dakota (who was an Episcopalian) said, "Ward has more influence than any other man in this Territory";1 and many others who have permanently shaped the religious, educational, and political institutions of great states.

In what states have the largest number of home missionaries been employed?

From 1826 to 1861 the largest number were in New York; from 1861 to 1874, in Iowa; from 1874 to 1882, in Kansas; from 1882 to 1890, in Michigan and Kansas; from 1890 to 1900, in Massachusetts, Minnesota, Iowa, Michigan, and Nebraska. In 1912 the six states employing the largest number of Home Missionaries are in order Massachusetts (163), Washington (100), California (97), Maine (90), Connecticut (87), and North Dakota (80).

What was the first foreign missionary society organized in the United States?

It was The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, a corporation founded by Congregational ministers in 1810, and from which have come the Foreign Missionary societies of the Baptist, the Presbyterian, and the Reformed churches. Through it the Congregational churches in 1912 carried on missionary work in nearly 2,000 different places, among about seventy-five million people, with a force of 612 American missionaries (of whom 402 are women, and 220 are men) and 5,033 native laborers, including 322 ordained pastors, and 1,713 unordained, at an expense of 1 Leavening the Nation, p. 130.

$1,062,442. To this work the native contributions. were $314,040.

For what purpose do the Congregational churches carry on this work?

Their purpose is to plant and nurture native Christian institutions (including Christian homes, churches, schools, society, and principles) so as to form "self-supporting, self-perpetuating, and aggressive native Christian communities." 1

Into what five departments is this work divided? It is divided into

(1) The industrial work, which is done through industrial schools, and aside from the salary of the supervising missionaries is practically selfsupporting.

(2) The medical work, which is managed by forty-four missionary physicians, and not only trains natives to become doctors and nurses, but maintains twenty-nine hospitals and forty-two dispensaries, and is very largely self-supporting.

(3) The literary work, which consists of preparing and publishing educational and religious books in twenty-six different languages, which are spoken by three hundred million people.

(4) The educational work, which embraces 1,359 schools, of which fourteen are colleges with 5,000 students, fourteen are theological seminaries, and one hundred and fifteen are boarding or high schools, in all of which 2,703 teachers are engaged, and there are 76,953 students.

(5) The evangelistic work, which is done

1 Dr. Barton.

through preaching, churches, Sunday-schools, etc.1

What then is the work which the Congregational churches of the United States are doing abroad?

It is a widely extended, highly organized, and many-sided Christian business, conducted to benefit our fellow men morally, intellectually, spiritually, and physically, in which a force of 5,645 people are employed at an expense annually of over a million dollars, and from the beginning2 of $40,000,000.3

What is the Congregational Education society?

It is a society organized by Congregationalists in 1815 as "The American Education Society " (and in its earlier years supported somewhat by Presbyterians), to aid "young men of ability and Christian character to fit themselves to preach the gospel." Into it have been merged several societies formed to promote education; its present name was adopted in 1893.

What have the Congregational churches done through it?

They have aided nearly ten thousand men to become ministers, at an expense of $1,901,734; they have collected and distributed $2,563,000 to thirty colleges and seminaries; they have established schools and academies in Utah and New Mexico, where there was no school system till within a few years; and they now annually aid 4 colleges, 11 academies, 16 other schools, about two hundred 1 See Five Departments of the American Board, by Dr. Barton. 2 Till 1912. 3 See Appendix III.

students at an expense of $125,000, the salaries of Congregational pastors in six state universities, and the foreign departments of two theological seminaries.

What is the Congregational Sunday-school and Publishing Society?

It is a society for establishing and cultivating pioneer Sunday-schools, mainly in the newer regions, which may develop into churches, and to cooperate with churches in their work of religious education through the Sunday-schools. It publishes Sunday-school and other literature of importance to the denomination. It employs about 70 state superintendents and missionaries, and has founded 12,308 Sunday-schools from which have grown 1,559 Congregational and many other churches. Its Business Department, conducted under the name of The Pilgrim Press, publishes The Congregationalist and maintains a Congregational bookstore in Boston and Chicago, and offices in New York, Chicago, Minneapolis, and San Francisco, and its profits are devoted to its missionary and educational work.

What is the American Missionary Association?

It is a society founded by Congregationalists in 1846" to conduct missionary and educational operations in our own and other countries," because other societies did not sufficiently disclaim affiliation with slavery. It inherited the work of a mission in West Africa, a mission in Jamaica, and a mission among the Indians of Minnesota, started by Oberlin College, and after the war it assumed