Handkerchiefs were first manufactured at Pais-
ley, in Scotland, in 1743.
Heraldry originated in the year 1100.
Homœopathy was introduced into the United

years B.C.

Engraving on metal invented in 1423; on copper in 1511. Improved process introduced by Prince Rupert of Palatine in 1648. Engraving process for tints invented by Barable, a Frenchman, in 1761. Engraving on wood invented at Flanders in 1423, and revived in 1511 by Albert Durer. Engraving on glass invented at Paris in 1799, by Bondier.

Envelopes for letters were first used in 1839. Etching on copper with aqua fortis was introduced in 1512.

Ether was first used in surgical operations in 1844.

Express. The first American express was operated between New York and Boston, in 1821, by W. F. Harnden.

False Hair introduced by the courtesans in Italy, and first brought into England from France in 1572.

Fenian Raids into Canada, May 31. 1866; resumed February 3, 1870. Filibustering raids of Wm. Walker, 1853-60. Fire Engines, to force water, existed in very ancient times. The first of the kind now in use, but of a vastly inferior character, was invented by two Dutchmen, each named Jan van der Heide, at Amsterdam, in 1518. In 1657 an improved engine was introduced at Nuremberg by John Hantsch. Fire-engines were first known at Paris in 1699. The first volunteer fire company in America was the Union of Philadelphia, about 1736.

Flag. The American flag was first used by Washington at Cambridge, January 1, 1776. Fortification. The present mode introduced about 1500.

Forks are, comparatively speaking, quite a modern invention. They were first known in Italy toward the end of the 15th century. They began to be known in France by the end of the 16th century. Introduced in England in 1608. Free Soil Party. The first national convention was held at Buffalo, Aug. 9, 1848. Fugitive Slave Law passed by Congress, Sept. 12, 1850.

Gamut in music invented by Guy L'Aretin in

1025.

Gas was first evolved from coal by Dr. Clayton in 1739. Its first application, as an illuminating medium, was made by Mr. Murdoch, in Cornwall, England, in 1792. Sir H. Davy, before a committee of the House of Commons, declared it was not practicable to light London with gas. The first display of gaslight was in Birmingham, on the occasion of the peace rejoicings of 1802, It was introduced for lighting the shops and streets of London, generally, in 1814. In the United States it was introduced in 1822, in

Boston.

Gilding, with gold leaf, invented in 1273. Glass introduced into England, by Benedict, a monk, in 674. First used in England, for bottles, etc., in 1557. The first plate-glass, made at Lambeth, in 1673. Window glass first made in England in 1557

Grist Mills invented in Ireland in 214. Gunpowder was invented by the monk Schwartz in 1330, although used by the Chincse A.D. 8. The Byzantines used Greek fire A D. 668. Guns invented in 1330; used by the Moors at the siege of Algeciras, in Spain, in 1344; at the battle of Crecy in 1946, and at the siege of Calais in the year following, Adopted by Denmark in 1354; used by the Venetians, at sea, against the Genoese, in 1377. First used by the Spanish in 1406. The early English guns were first made of brass in 1635; in 1547 they were made of iron. Bombs and mortars were invented in 1543.

States in 1825.

Horseshoes. Although the ancients protected the hoofs of their horses with some covering, horseshoes, of the kind now known, were not in general use until the ninth century. Hour-Glasses invented in Alexandria 240. Hydrometer. The oldest mention of this instrument belongs to the 5th century, but its invention has been attributed to Archimedes.

Infallibility. The dogma of Papal Infallibility promulgated in 1870.

Inoculation for small-pox, first tried on criminals in 1721. Vaccine discovered by Dr. Jenner in 1796.

Insurance. The first fire insurance office in America was in Boston, 1724. The first for life insurance in London, 1772; the first American, in Philadelphia, in 1812. Marine insurance dates back to 1598 in England, and to 1721 in America.

Interior Department established March 3,
1849.
Jesuits.
The order was founded by Ignatius
Loyola in 1541.
Judiciary Act passed by Congress Feb. 13,

Marble Paper. A German invention belonging to the 17th century.

Matches. Friction matches first used in 1829.
Mecklenburg county, N. C., Declaration of
Independence issued May 31, 1776.
Medicinal Simples first brought into Europe,
from the East, in 1200.
Microscopes first used in Germany in 1621. Im-
proved by Torricelli in 1624.
Military Academy, West Point, founded by
Congress March 16, 1802.

Missouri Compromise passed March 3, 1820, and repealed May 24, 1854. It restricted slavery to south of 36o 30'.

Monroe Doctrine declared in the message of
President Monroe, Dec. 2, 182,.
Mormons arrived at Salt Lake Valley, Utah,
July 24, 1847.

Musical Notes invented in 1070; improved1330; printed 1502.

Nantes, Edict of, tolerating Protestants, issued
April 13, 1598; revocation, Oct. 22, 1685.
Needles first made in England by a native of
India in 1545; re-invented by Christopher Green-
ing in 1560.

Netherlands, revolt of, 1565 to 1580.
New Orleans, Battle of, Jan. 8, 1815, Jackson
defeating the British. Captured by Farragut
April 26, 1862.

Newspaper. The first authentic newspaper
was printed in 1494; first daily, Frankfort
Gazette, 1615. The first English was the Weekly
Newes, 1622; the first in France, Gazette de
France, 1631. The first advertisement appeared
in 1648. The first American newspaper was
printed in Boston, Sept. 25, 1690, and was called
Publick Occurrences, Foreign and Domestic.
The first continuously printed in America was
the Boston News Letter, 1702; first daily, The
Nullification Ordinance passed by South
Pennsylvania Packet, 1784.
Carolina Nov. 19, 1832. The proclamation of
President Jackson denouncing the same was
issued Dec. 10, 1832.
Omnibuses were first used in New York in 1830.
Organs were invented in 750.

Ostend Manifesto, issued Oct. 21, 1854. Paper Hangings. The invention of hangings of paper to take the place of other more costly hangings, has been attributed to a manufacturer of paper hangings, named Breitkopf, of Leipsic. That kind known as velvet-paper is said to have been invented by Jerome Lanyer, an Englishman, who received a patent for it in 1634, although the invention has also been claimed for Francois, a Frenchman, who is asserted to have introduced it at Rouen in 1620.

Paper made of cotton, in use in 1000. Made of linen rags in 1319. First introduced in England in 1588. White paper first made there in 1690. Paper was made from straw in 1800.

Paper Money first used in America in 1740, and

revived in 1788.

Parchment invented by King Attalus, of Pergamus, 837 B.C.

Patent Right Law first enacted in U. S., April

15, 1790.

Philadelphia was founded by William Penn in 1682. Riots, native American and Irish, May 6 to 8, 1844.

Penny Post introduced for London and its suburbs by an upholsterer named Murray in 1681. Adopted by the government in 1711. First set up in 1774 in Dublin. Carried out on an enlarged scale in 1794, and made a twopenny post in 1801. Pens. The style, or point or bone and metal, which was used for writing on tables coated with wax, gave place to the reed, pointed and split, and used as a pen with some colored liquids. These were gradually abandoned in favor of quills. The first known record of quills being used for pens is that of Isidore, who died in 636 but supposed to have been introduced at an earlier date. The substitution of steel for quill pens took place early in the present century, yet, strange to say, nothing is known with certainty of the person who first invented the metallic pen. Phonograph invented in 1877 by T. A. Edison. Phosphorus first made in 1677. Photographs were first produced in England in 1802; perfected in 1841. Pianoforte invented about 1710 in Italy. Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Mass., Dec. 21, 1620, although the date is commonly given as Dec. 22.

Pins were brought from France, and first used in England by Catherine Howard, Queen of Henry VIII. Before that time both sexes used ribbons, loop-holes, laces with points and tags, hooks and eyes, and small skewers made of gold, silver, and brass. Pins were first made by machinery in America in 1832.

Fipes of Lead, for water, first cast in 1539.
Pistols first used by the cavalry in 1544.
Pitch and tar first made from pit coal at Bristol
in 1779.

Plaster of Paris. Casting with it from the

face invented in 1470.

Porcelain of Saxony greatly improved in 1767. Port-Holes introduced for ships of war in 1545. Post-Office first established between Vienna and Brussels in 1516. Posts established regularly between London and all the principal towns throughout England in 1635. Postage stamps were introduced in England in 1840; in the United States in 1847.

Pottery improved greatly by Wedgwood in

1763.

Printing. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay tablets, and wooden blocks were used by the Chinese as early as 952. Printing from movable types was invented by Faust in 1441, and made public by Gutenberg in 1454, although the invention is also claimed for L. Koster of Haarlem as early as 1423. The first Bible was printed by Faust and Schöffer in 1456, and they also printed the first book with date, a Latin Psalter, in 1457. Wooden type first introduced into England, by William Caxton, a London merchant, in 1477. The first English press was set up in Westminster Abbey, where it remained until 1494. The first American book, " Escala Espiritual," was printed by Juan Hablas, Mexico, about 1535. The first press in the United States was that of Stephen Daye, at Cambridge, Mass., 1639. Printing in colors was first introduced in 1626.

Pyramids first erected about 2170 B.C. Quicksilver first used for refining silver ore in

Republican Party. The first convention was held at Pittsburgh, Feb. 22, 1856. Resumption of Specie Payments in the United States Act approved 1875; took effect Jan. 1, 1879.

Ribbon Looms. It has been asserted that these looms were first known to the Swiss, but others claim their invention for a German in the town of Dantzic in the 16th century. Ruling-Machines invented by a Dutchman in London in 1792.

Saddles. Pliny informs us that one, Pelethronius, was the first to introduce a piece of leather fastened to the back of a horse for the accommodation of its rider. For a long time these cloths and pieces of leather were regarded as unmanly, and were, therefore, regarded by soldiers with great scorn. The old German races despised the Roman cavalry for riding on such effeminate contrivances. Saddles of the kind now used appear to have been in use in 385. Side-saddles first used in 1380. Previous to their introduction women always rode astride. Sailcloth first made in England in Salting Herrings after the Dutch method first used in 1416.

1590.

Saltpeter first manufactured in England, in 1625. Saws. The inventor of the saw is said, by the old Greek writers, to be Talus or Perdox. Pliny ascribes the invention to Daedalus, but Hardouin affirms that the passage in which he does so refers to Talus, and not to Daedalus. Talus was the

son of a sister of Daedalus, and the invention is said to be due to his using the jawbone of a snake to cut through a piece of wood. His master grew jealous of the honor Talus won by this invention, and caused him to be privately put to death.

Sedan Chairs introduced into England in 1734. Sewing Machine first patented in England, in 1755. The first complete machine was constructed by an American, Elias Howe, in 1846. Sextant invented by Tycho Brahe, at Augsburg, in 1550.

Shay's Rebellion, in Massachusetts, 1786–87.
Sleeping-Cars were first used in 1858.
man's patent dates from 1864.
Soap first made in London and Bristol in 1524.
The first express mention of soap appears in
Pliny and Galen. The former speaks of it as an

invention of the Gauls.

Speaking-Trumpets invented by Kircher, a Jesuit, in 1652.

Spinning-Wheel invented at Brunswick, 1530. Spectacles invented by Spina, a monk, of Pisa,

in 1299.

Stamp Act enacted March 22, 1765; repealed March 19, 1766.

Statutes of the United States first revised and

codified in 1873.

Steam. The steam engine boiler was discovered by the Marquis of Worcester, in 1663. Newcommen's engine was patented in 1705, and the invention was perfected by James Watt, in 1773. The high pressure engine was invented by an American, Oliver Evans, in 1779. The first steam vessel of which there is any record was that of Papin (France), in 1707. Then follow those of Jonathan Hulls (England), 1736; William Henry (Conestoga river, Pa.), 1763; James Rumsey (Md.), 1786; John Fitch (Delaware river), same year. In 1806 Robert Fulton constructed the Clermont, which plied regularly between New York and Albany, at a speed of five miles per hour. The first steamer crossing the Atlantic made the voyage from Savannah to Liverpool in twenty-five days, A.D. 1819. Steel. The invention of steel is of very great antiquity, as the process of hardening iron is described in the Old Testament (Isaiah xliv, 12). The helmet of Hercules, described in Hesiod, appears to have been of steel. Homer refers to the process of hardening steel by immersing it, while red hot, in cold water.

Stereotype Printing invented by William Gid, a goldsmith, of Edinburgh, in 1735. Stirrups, according to a statement made by the Emperor Mauritius, were first used in the 6th century. Hippocrates and Galen speak of a disease which, in their time, was occasioned by long and frequent riding, because the legs hung down without any support.

Sugar is first mentioned in 625 by Paul Eginetta, a physician. It came originally from China and the East; was produced in Sicily in 1148, in Madeira in 1419, in the Canary Islands in 1503, and in the West Indies by the Portuguese and Spaniards in 1510. In 1641 it was cultivated at Barbadoes. Sugar-refining was first carried out by a Venetian in 1503, and this process was adopted in England in 1569. Sugar cane was first cultivated in the United States in 1751, near New Orleans, the first sugar mill being constructed in 1758.

Sunday Schools were first established by Robert Raikes, Gloucester, England, in 1781. Sun-dials invented 558 B.C. The first in Rome, 308 B.C., was that erected by Papirius Cursor, when time was divided into hours.

Tanning Leather. A new and more expeditious method than that previously in use was invented in 1795.

Tax. The first tax levied on the people was by Solon, 540 B.C.

Tea first known in Europe in 1610, being brought from India by the Dutch.

Telegraphs (mechanical) invented in 1687. First used by the French in 1794, and by the English in 1796. The first electric telegraph was operated

Union of England and Scotland, 1707; Great
Britain and Ireland, 1801.

Vaccination. See Inoculation.
Ventilators first introduced by the Rev. Dr.
Hales in 1740.

Violins of the modern kind invented about 1477.
Introduced into England by Charles II.
Wall-papers first used in Spain and Holland in
1555. Flock or velvet wall-papers were first used
in 1620.

War Ships. In 1814 Sir Robert Seppings introduced various most important improvements for the construction of war ships. The lower parts of the frames of ships of war were then, for the first time, filled in, a system of diagonal trussing was introduced, the stern was altered in form, so that it no longer remained open to the fire of an enemy, and the upper decks were enlarged. Sir W. Symonds altered them so as to decrease the quantity of ballast required in 1832. In the International Exhibition of 1851 various improvements in this direction were shown, but great iron-cased ships were not then thought of. In July, 1854, the first of a new class of screw, gun vessels was launched for use during the Russian war. To operate with these, vessels of iron were constructed to bombard the fortresses in the Baltic. The first French iron-cased ship was a frigate called the "Gloire," and this was quickly followed by the first English ship of that kind, the "Warrior.' Since then vessels of this kind have been subject to a variety of alterations and experiments tending to improve both their strength and their sailing qualities. The first battle between iron ships of war occurred in the war for the Union, the Merrimac and Monitor being the contestants.

Watches were invented at Nuremberg in 1477, and were first introduced into England from Germany in 1577.

Water Mills for grinding corn are said to have been invented by Belisarius when Rome was besieged by the Goths in 555. Pliny, however, mentions wheels turned by water. Weather-Cocks. The earliest mention of a weather-cock is that made by Vitruvius, concerning that on the tower built at Athens by Andronicus Cyrrhestes.

Wild-Fire invented by a Greek in 663.

Wilmot Proviso, to restrict slavery, offered in the House of Representatives, Aug. 8, 1846, by David Wilmot, of Pa.

Wire invented at Nuremberg in 1351. Wire-Drawing. The first record we have of this art is probably that contained in Holy Writ, where we are told that gold was beaten and cut to threads, so that it could be interwoven in cloth. The present mode of forming metallic threads, that known as wire-drawing, was first known in the 14th century.

Woolen Cloth. Although the making of woolen cloth is one of the most ancient arts, its manufacture was not known in France until 1646, when it was made at Sedan. It was first made in England in 1331, but was not dyed or dressed until 1667.

Yellowstone National Park established by Act of Congress, Feb. 28, 1871.

Adam, Bell. Reliques, Percy. A cele. brated archer.

Adams, Parson. Joseph Andrews, Fielding. An eccentric, good-natured clergyman. Adriana. Comedy of Errors, Shakspere. The wife of Antipholus.

Aguecheek, Sir Andrew. Twelfth Night, Shakspere. A coward and a fool. Aladdin. Arabian Nights. The owner of a magic lamp and ring, which gave the pos. sessor every wish he made.

Allworthy, Squire. Tom Jones, Field. ing. A good-natured old country gentleman. Alp. The Siege of Corinth, Byron. A brave and devoted man.

Amadis de Gaul. Amadis de Gaul. The hero of a Portuguese chivalric romance, the authorship of which is unknown. It was translated into every language in Europe.

Amelia. Amelia, Fielding. A lovely woman, supposed to be drawn from Field. ing's own wife.

Amine. Arabian Nights. A wicked sorceress who changed her three sisters into hounds.

Amlet, Richard. The Confederacy, Vanburgh. A gambler.

Amri. Absalom and Achitophel, Dryden. Pseudonym for H. Finch.

Andrews, Joseph. Joseph Andrews, Fielding. A hero ridiculously upright and pure.

Anerley, Mary. Mary Anerley, Black. more. A lovely and beautiful girl. Apemantus. Timon of Athens, Shakspere. A cynic.

Arden, Enoch. Enoch Arden, Tennyson. A sailor, supposed drowned, who returns home to find his wife married again.

Argante. The Faery Queen, Spenser. A giantess.

Ariel. The Tempest, Shakspere. A spirit of the air, perhaps the daintiest creation of the myriad-minded poet.

Artful Dodger. Oliver Twist, Dickens. A young thief who understands his business.

Arthur, King. Idyls of the King, Tenny. son. A legendary British King, who estab lished an order of chivalry known as the Round Table, and about whom many popu lar legends are afloat in Wales and Western France.

Ashton, Lucy. The Bride of Lammermoor, Scott. A beautiful character, loved and lost by Ravenswood.

Atalanta. Atalanta in Calydon, Swin. burne. One of Diana's maidens.

Autolycus. Winter's Tale, Shakspere. An intellectual sneak-thief.

Baba, Ali. Arabian Nights. The hero of the tale of the forty thieves, who breaks into the robbers' cave by means of the magical pass-word "Sesame."

Baba, Cassim. Arabian Nights. Brother of the above, who forgets the pass-word, and is captured by the robbers.

School for

Backbite, Sir Benjamin. Scandal, Sheridan. A scandal-monger. Bagstock, Joe. Dombey and Son, DickA pompous fellow. Bailey, Young. Martin Chuzzlewit, Dick. ens. A precocious youth.

ens.

Balderstone, Caleb. Bride of Lammer moor, Scott. The butler of Ravenswood.

Balthazar. 1. Comedy of Errors, Shaks. pere. A merchant. 2. Much Ado about Nothing, Shakspere A servant.

Banquo. Macbeth, Shakspere. A chieftain murdered by Macbeth; later in the same play, a ghost.

Bardell, Mrs. Pickwick Papers, Dick ens. Mr. Pickwick's landlady, who sues him for breach of promise of marriage.

Bardolph. Henry IV., Shakspere. follower of Sir John Falstaff.

A

Barkis. David Copperfield, Dickens. A marrying man who eventually marries. Bath, Major. Amelia, Fielding. A pom. pous officer.

Bayes. The Rehearsal, Duke of Buckingham. A pseudonym for Dryden.

Baynes, Charlotte. Adventures of Philip, Thackeray. The hero's sweetheart.

Bede, Adam. Adam Bede, George Eliot. An ideal workingman.

Belch, Sir Toby. Twelfth Night, Shaks. pere. Olivia's hard-drinking uncle.

Belford. Clarissa Harlowe, Richardson. The friend of Lovelace.

Belinda. Rape of the Lock, Pope. The heroine, whose hair is cut.

Bell, Laura. Pendennis, Thackeray. One of the sweetest heroines in English literature. Bell, Peter. Peter Bell, Wordsworth. An extremely prosaic man.

Bellaston, Lady. Tom Jones, Fielding. One of Tom Jones' sweethearts.

Bellenden, Lady. Old Mortality, Scott. A Tory gentlewoman.

Belphoebe. The Faery Queen, Spenser. A pseudonym for Queen Elizabeth. Belvidera. Venice Preserved, Otway. The heroine of the poem.

Benedict. Love's Labor Lost, Shakspere. A confirmed bachelor who was converted to matrimony by the lovely Beatrice. From this gentleman comes the name Benedict applied to married men who were not going to marry. Bennet, Mrs. Amelia, Fielding. An im proper character.

Benvolio. Romeo and Juliet, Shakspere. One of Romeo's friends.

Birch, Harvey. The Spy, Cooper. The chief character of the novel.

Bilfil. Tom Jones, Fielding. Allworthy's nephew, a tale-bearer.

Blember, Miss Cornelia. Dombey and Son, Dickens. A blue-stocking governess. Boabdil, Captain. Every Man in His Humor, Johnson. A boasting coward.

Boeuf, Front de. Ivanhoe, Scott. One of King John's followers. A ferocious scoundrel.

Boffin, Noddy. Our Mutual Friend Dickens. The good-natured occupant of Boffin's Bower.

Bois Guilbert, Brian de. Ivanhoe, Scott. The master of the Knights Templars. Boniface. The Beaux' Stratagem, Far quhar. A landlord. Hence applied to landfords generally.

Booby, Lady. Joseph Andrews, Fielding. One of the minor characters.

Box and Cox. Box and Cox, Morton, The heroes of the farce.

Bradwardine, Baron. Waverly, Scott. The father of Rose Bradwardine.

Bramble, Matthew. Humphrey Clinker, Smollett. A walking epitome of dyspepsia. Brangtons. Evelina, Miss Burney. Very vulgar people.

Brass, Sally and Sampson. Old Curiosity Shop, Dickens. A shystering lawyer and his sister.

Brick, Jefferson. Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens. A ridiculous American editor.

Bridgenorth, Major Ralph. Peveril of the Peak, Scott. A prominent officer in the Puritan Army.

Bridget, Mrs. Tristram Shandy, Sterne. Tristram's nurse.

Brown, Tom. Tom Brown's School Days and Tom Brown at Oxford, Thos. Hughes. The hero of one of the best boys' books ever written in English.

Bucket, Inspector. Bleak House, Dickens. A detective.

Bumble. Oliver Twist, Dickens. A bea

dle.

Mar

Chuzzlewit, Jonas and Martin. tin Chuzzlewit, Dickens. The first a miser and murderer, the second the hero of Dickens' story.

Clare, Ada. Bleak House, Dickens. The wife of Carstone, and one of the most impor. tant characters in the story.

Clifford, Paul. Paul Clifford, Bulwer. A beatified highwayman hero.

Clinker, Humphrey. Humphrey Clinker, Smollett. A philosophical young man who meets very singular adventures.

Cœlebs. Calebs in Search of a Wife, Hannah More. A gentleman who has very precise ideas on the subjects of matrimony and woman.

Coldstream, Sir Charles. Used Up, Matthews. A fatigued and weary man of the world.

Consuelo. Consuelo, George Sand. The heroine of the novel, a rather inflammable young lady.

Copper Captain, The. Rule a Wife, and Have a Wife, Beaumont and Fletcher. A nickname applied to Peres, the boastful coward of the play.

Copperfield, David. David Copperfield, Dickens. The hero of the novel, supposed to be a picture of Dickens' own life and char.

acter.

Cordelia. King Lear, Shakspere. The faithful daughter of the King in the play. Corinne. Corinne, Mme. de Stael. The heroine of de Stael's greatest work.

Costigan, Captain. Pendennis, Thackeray. The father of Pendennis' first sweetheart, a hard-drinking but amusing old man. Coverly, Sir Roger de. Spectator, Addison. A model country gentleman of the olden time.

Crane, Ichabod. Sleepy Hollow, Irving. The schoolmaster in the sketch.

Crawley, Rawdon. Vanity Fair, Thack. eray. The hero of "the novel without a hero." The husband of Becky Sharp.

Cressida. Troilus and Cressida, Shaks pere. The heroine of the play, in love with Troilus. Crummles, Vincent. Nicholas Nickleby, Dickens. A theatrical head of a theatrical family.

Crusoe, Robinson. Robinson Crusoe, De Foe. The hero of the most remarkable novel ever written. It has been translated into every civilized language on the globe. The story relates Crusoe's adventures on a desert isle upon which he was cast by the sea, and is one of intense interest.

Cuttle, Captain. Dombey and Son, Dickens. A nautical character who indulges in a number of queer mannerisms.

Cymbeline. Cymbeline, Shakspere. A heroic King of Britain.

Dalgarno, Lord. The Fortunes of Nigel, Scott. A Scottish nobleman of bad char acter.

Dalgetty, Dugald. Waverly, Scott. A famous and well drawn soldier of fortune, whose name has become proverbial.

Deans, Davie, Effie and Jeanie. Scott. Heart of Midlothian, Famous characters in the story. Jeanie is the heroine. Dedlock, Lady, and Sir Leicester. Bleak House, Dickens. Husband and wife, proud and unfortunate, but noble people.

Delamaine, Geoffrey. Man and Wife, Collins. A man of muscle.

Delphine. Delphine, Mme. de Stael. The heroine of the novel.

Deronda, Daniel. Daniel Deronda George Eliot. The hero of the novel, one of the best character sketches which George Eliot has made. Desdemona. Othello, Shakspere. The unfortunate heroine of the play, wife of the Moor Othello.

Diddler, Jeremy. Raising the Wind, Kinny. The prototype of all modern dead

beats.

Dimsdale, Rev. Arthur. The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne. The seducer of Hester Prynne.

Dods, Meg. St. Roman's Well, Scott. A landlady.

Dodson and Fogg. Pickwick Papers, Dickens. Mrs. Bardell's attorneys in her suit against Mr. Pickwick.

Dogberry. Much Ado about Nothing, Shakspere. An absurd character who travesties justice.

Dombey, Florence, Mr. and Paul. Dombey and Son, Dickens. Characters in the novel.

Dominie, Sampson. Guy Mannering, Scott. An eccentric clergyman.

Don Quixote. Don Quixote, Cervantes. The hero of the novel. This has been de scribed by eminent critics as the best work of fiction which the world has yet produced. It was written in Spanish by Miguel de Cervantes, as a protest against the ridiculous extravagances of what are known as Chivalric Romances. Don Quixote is the type upon which thousands of later novels have been founded. Crazed by the reading of knightly

tales, he arms himself and goes out in search of adventures, on his steed Rozinante, and accompanied by his squire Sancho Panzo, These adventures are told so wittily, that the world has been laughing at them for cen. turies, and the book has never lost its fresh, boyish interest. The best English translation is Smollett's. Gustave Dore, the famous French artist, some years since completed a set of illustrations for Don Quixote, which have added greatly to its interest.

Dora. David Copperfield, Dickens. Cop. perfield's child-wife.

Dorimant. The Man of Mode, Etherege. A dandy.

Dorothea. Middlemarch, George Eliot. The heroine of the tale.

Dorrit, Edward and "Little." Little Dorrit, Dickens. The Father of the Marshal. sea prison and his interesting daughter.

Drawcansir. The Rehearsal, The Duke of Buckingham. A bully.

Dulcinea del Toboso. Don Quixote, Cervantes. A country girl whom Don Quix ote selects as his lady love.

Dundreary, Lord. Our American Cousin, Taylor. A typical and absurd English lord. The character was really created by the actor Sothern.

Edgar. King Lear, Shakspere. The son of Gloucester.

Emilia. Othello, Shakspere. Wife of Iago, the villain of the play.

Esmond, Beatrix and Henry. Henry Esmond, Thackeray, Heroine and hero of the novel, which is of the time of the English Revolution.

Eugenia. The Return of the Native, Hardy. A beautiful and unfortunate girl. Evangeline. Evangeline, Longfellow. Heroine of the poem; her wanderings are told in verse that will never die.

Evans, Sir Hugh. The Merry Wives of Windsor, Shakspere. A Welsh clergyman. Evelina. Evelina, Miss Burney. Heroine of the novel.

Eyre, Jane. Jane Eyre, Bronte. Heroine of the novel.

Fag. The Rivals, Sheridan. A servant. Fagin. Oliver Twist, Dickens. The pre. ceptor in the thieves' academy, where Oliver Twist is held a prisoner.

Faithful, Jacob. Jacob Faithful, Marryatt. The hero of the novel. Falkland.

The Rivals, Sheridan. A jealous lover of Julia's, and friend to Captain Absolute.

Falstaff, Sir John. Henry IV. and The Merry Wives of Windsor, Shakspere. This is Shakspere's most comic character; Queen Elizabeth was so pleased with Sir John in Henry IV. that, at her request, Shakspere composed The Merry Wives of Windsor, in order to give the fat knight a wider field for fun.

Fanny. Under the Greenwood Tree, Hardy. A pretty school-mistress.

Fat Boy, The. Pickwick Papers, Dickens. One of the minor characters in the novel, given to sleep and pie.

Faust. Faust, Goethe. The hero of the great German tragedy, who sells his soul to the Devil, and gets in return youth, wealth and an attendant devil, Mephistopheles. Goethe was to Germany what Shakspere was to England.

Felton, Septimius. Septimius Felton, Hawthorne. The mystical hero of the novel.

Ferdinand. The Tempest, Shakspere. Son of the King, falls in love with Prospero's daughter Miranda.

Ferrers, Endymion. Endymion, Benjamin Disraeli. Hero of the novel.

Figaro. The Marriage of Figaro, Beau marchais. An exceedingly comical and sharp. witted barber.

Firmin, Philip. The Adventures of Philip, Thackeray. The hero of the novel. Florizel. A Winter's Tale, Shakspere. The prince of Bohemia.

Fluellen.

Henry V., Shakspere. A pedantic but brave Welsh officer.

Foker, Harry. Pendennis, Thackeray. One of the minor characters. Foppington, Lord. The Relapse, Van Brugh. An idiotic dandy.

Fosco, Count. Woman in White, Collins. A complicated scoundrel.

Frankenstein. Frankenstein, Mrs.Southey. The dreadful result of the labors of a German student, who makes a man in the dissecting room out of corpses and brings him to life by galvanism. The hideous hero of the novel has a series of most blood-curdling adven

tures.

Friar Tuck. Reliques, Percy. The jolly companion of Robin Hood, the outlaw of Sherwood Forest.

Friday. Robinson Crusoe, DeFoe. Cru. soe's savage servant.

Gadgrind, Jeremiah. Hard Times, Dickens. A tyrannical "practical" man.

Gamp, Sairy. Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens. A comical and hard-drinking monthly nurse.

Gargantua. Gargantua, Rabelais. Hero of the tale.

Gaunt, Griffith. Griffith Gaunt, Reade. Hero of the novel.

Gay, Walter. Dombey and Son, Dickens. Marries Florence Dombey.

Gibbie, Goose. Old Mortality, Scott. A half-witted boy.

Gil Blas. Gil Blas, Le Sage. The hero of a very famous novel. His adventures are of the most surprising character, and are told in a most interesting manner.

Gilpin, John. John Gilpin's Ride, Cowper. The absurd hero of the poem.

Ginevra. Ginevra, Rogers. The heroine of the poem, accidentally locked in a trunk on her wedding day, and not found for years and years.

Gobbo, Launcelot. The Merchant of Venice, Shakspere. A merry servant.

Goneril. King Lear, Shakspere. The eldest daughter of the King, a traitor and an ingrate.

Gonzalo. The Tempest, Shakspere. An old councillor.

Gosling, Giles. Kenilworth, Scott. A landlord.

Grandison, Sir Charles. Sir Charles Grandison, Richardson. Hero of the novel. Gray, Vivian. Vivian Gray, Disraeli. Hero of the novel.

Grundy, Mrs. Speed the Plough, Morton. An old lady who represents worldly propriety and tale-bearing.

Gulliver, Lemuel. Gulliver's Travels, Swift. Hero of the romance.

Heep, Uriah. David Copperfield, Dickens. A hypocrite and sneak.

Helena. All's Well that Ends Well, Shakspere. Heroine of the play.

Hero. Much Ado about Nothing, Shaks pere. Daughter of Leonato.

Hexam, Lizzie. Our Mutual Friend, Dickens. Heroine of the novel.

Holofernes. As You Like It, Shakspere. A schoolmaster and pedant.

Holt, Felix. Felix Holt, George Eliot. Hero of the novel.

Honeyman, Charles. The Newcomes, Thackeray. A fashionable preacher.

Honor, Mrs. Tom Jones, Fielding. Sophia Western's waiting-woman.

Hopeful. Pilgrim's Progress, Bunyan. A pilgrim.

Horatio. Hamlet, Shakspere. The friend of Hamlet.

Howe, Miss. Clarissa Harlowe, Richard. son. Clarissa's friend.

Hudibras. Hudibras, Butler. Hero of the poem.

Hunter, Mr. and Mrs. Leo. Pickwick Papers, Dickens. Minor characters in the novel.

Iago. Othello, Shakspere. The villain of the tragedy.

Imogen. Cymbeline, Shakspere. Hero. ine of the play.

Isabella. Measure for Measure, Shaks. pere. Heroine of the play. Ivanhoe.

novel.

Ivanhoe, Scott. Hero of the

MacIvor, Flora. Rob Roy, Scott. Hero. ine of novel.

Mackenzie, Mrs. Newcomes, Thackeray. A termagant widow.

Malagrother, Sir Mingo. The Fortunes of Nigel, Scott. An ill-natured courtier. Malaprop, Mrs. The Rivals, Sheridan. A character famed for verbal blunders. Malvolio. Twelfth Night, Shakspere.

Olivia's conceited steward,

Manfred. Manfred, Byron. Hero of the tragedy.

Mantalini. Nicholas Nickleby, Dickens. The absurd husband of the milliner in the story.

Marchioness, The. Old Curiosity Shop, Dickens. Mr. Dick Swiveller's remarkable little nurse.

Margaret. Faust, Goethe. The heroine of the tragedy.

Marlow, Young. She Stoops to Conquer, Goldsmith. Hero of the play.

Medora. The Corsair, Byron. Heroine of the poem.

Merdle, Mr. Little Dorrit, Dickens. A speculator.

Meister, Wilhelm. Wilhelm Meister, Goethe. Hero of the novel.

Mephistopheles. Faust, Goethe.

Devil.

Mercutio.

The

Romeo and Juliet, Shaks A wonderfully witty friend

pere. Romeo's.

of