LETTER XL.

Knowledge.-Commerce. - Money. - Cotton.- Business is King. — Politi-

cal Business. - Politicians.-Statesmen. Genuine and Bogus Politics. -

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County Court. Representative.

ness. -

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Commander Maury's Letters. - Dead Sea. - Telescopes. Camels.

Whales. Patents. Patriotism. Hard Times. High Salaries.

Scarcity of Talent. — Consolidating Cities. - Political and Private, or

Free Non-political Business. — What it is. - French Emperor.- Pennsyl-

vania selling State Works. - General Welfare. - Canals. - Competition.

- Railroads. —Public Debts. - National Political Business.- Congress.

Representative System. - Municipal Political Business. - State Legis-

lature. Executive. - Judiciary. — Organizer. — Subdivisions. - Coun-

ties. — Towns. — Representative. — Counties. — Political County Busi-

ness. Legislative. - Executive. -Judicial. Overseer.- Supervisor.—

Townships. - Political Town Busi-

Threefold. Mayor. - Aldermen or Selectmen. - Democratic

Representative. - Working Districts. State Failure. Self-taxation.—

Hamburg. Cities. - Villages.Size of States, Counties, Towns.

Philadelphia. New York. Centralization. - Mutual Control.- Euro-

pean Large Places. — Monarchy. — Its Philosophy and Substance. - Japa-

nese Cities.

- Commodore Perry's Report. Hakodadi.- Political Arith-

metic and Geometry. - Measure for Private Affairs. -- Crisis. - Crash

of the Largest Business Concerns. Size of State Confederations. -

Congress meddling with Non-political and Municipal Local Business.

- American Ladies.. Character of Free Non-political Business.

Science, Arts, Culture, Religion, Commerce. - Society Progressive.

States Protective. Monroe Doctrine. - Licenses. - Liberty of Industry

in China, Japan, European States. - Publius. - Cantons in Switzerland.

Republics, when consolidated Monarchy. - Great Britain consolidated

England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales. - Mr. D'Israeli. - Napoleon III. —

Missouri Compromise. - Division of States. -Stability of Govern-

Election Impulses. - Social Movements organized in the United States,

Health producing. Social Movements in Europe destructive. — Famine,

Gold, Conquest, Religion, Liberty. — Main Social-Impulses. —Liberty-

Impulse of the Republican Party. - American Party acting unimpulsive.

- Dear Union-Impulse of the Democratic Party.

LETTER XLII.

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Declaration of Independence. — Defining of the Position of the Young Na-

tion. Explanation of the Sentence, "that all men are born equal." -

Jefferson's Letter explaining it..

Federalist.

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LETTER XLIII.

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Hamilton.- Monroe. - Jay. - Washington's Circular Letter

to the Governors of the several States. — Articles of Confederation a loose

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Wickerwork. Enviable National and Political Condition of the Citizens

of America. - Civilization. —A Compact Indissoluble Union, a Sacred

Regard to Public Justice, a Proper Peace Establishment, a Good Friendly

Mutual Feeling among the People, the Four Essential Things to the Well-

Being, Existence, and Independent Power of the United States. - Liberty

is the Basis of the Whole. Crisis, Political and Monetary...

...166

- Standing-Ar-

Conquest.

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Vain-glory. Universal Peace. - Dualistic Nature of Man. — Farewell

Orders to the Armies by Washington. Review of the Past Struggle. -

Conduct for the Future....

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LETTER XLV.

Washington elected President. Organization of the General Government.

- Retires from the Presidency. - His Farewell Address to the People of

the United States, Sept. 17, 1796..

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LETTER XLVI.

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The Prince by Macchiavelli. - Parallel between the Farewell Address and

the Prince. - Prof. Lieber. - Anti-Macchiavelli by Frederick the Great.

-The Barbarians in Italy. - Difference between the American and Euro-

pean State-systems. - Legitimacy. - Congress of Vienna......

...191

PART. II-MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

LETTER I.

Object of a State Constitution.-Introduction to the Constitution of the

State of New York. — Preamble. — Union-Slighting.

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LETTER II.

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Bill of Rights.- Peers. -Jury. - Disagreeing. - - Acquittals.- Liberty of

Conscience and Worship. - Habeas Corpus.-Injunctions. - Bail.

Grand Jury. Protection of Private Property. - Pauperism. - Char-

ity.....

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LETTER III.

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Compensation for Private Property when taken for Public Use.—Roads.

Liberty of the Press. -Libels. - Assembling and Petition Right..

Divorce. Lottery.-Escheats.-Feudal Tenures.- Allodiums.-Leases

of Land.-Fines. - Quarter - Sales. -Indian Land - Sales. - Common

Law. - Colonial Law. - Royal British Grants. - Property Laws.-

American Common Law. - Rights of Self-Government. - Prohibition

of Foreign Laws.-The Church Poor-Laws. State Scholars.......213

LETTER IV.

Elective Franchise. Restrictions. - Citizenship. -Ballot. - Family voting

right.Woman.

Christianity. - Polygamy.- Utah.

Kansas Scandals.

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Connecticut.

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LETTER V.

Legislature. Senate. - Districts. - Census. - Apportionment.

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bly Districts. Compensation. — Civil Appointment. -- Congressional Of-

ficers. Election Time.. Quorum.-Journal. — Originating of Bills. -

Enacting Clause. -Majority. - Private Bills. - Legislative Powers of the

Supervisors. County Election District. - Family Census. - France. -

Connecticut. Aristotle. - Greeks.....

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LETTER VI.

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Executive. - Governor's Duties. - Legislative Committees. - Lieutenant-

Governor. Eligibility.- Commander-in-Chief. — Messages. — Salary.

Navy. Army. - Execution of Laws. - President of the Senate. - Re-

prieves. Pardon. - Impeachment. - Veto...

Administrative. Secretary of State.- Comptroller. Treasurer.

torney-General.- Election. - Salary. -English Circumlocution.-Proper

Administrators. - American System. Representative and Non-Repre-

sentative Officers.- State Engineer. Surveyor.- Canal Commissioners.

Canal Fund.- Local In-

-State-Prison Inspectors. Land Office.

spectors..

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LETTER VIII.

Judiciary.-Impeaching.-Court of Appeals. -Supreme Court. - Judi-

cial Districts. Salary. -Election. - Testimony. - Removing. - Vacan-

cies. Modes of appointing Judges.....

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LETTER IX.

243

County Judge. Webster. - Surrogate. - Local Officers. - Inferior Courts.

-Justices of the Peace. - Clerks.-Files to be sent into the Court of

Appeals.- Publication of Statutes. Code of Procedure. - Tribunals

of Conciliation. Revising Laws. - Systems of Judiciary...

Remarks on the Organization of the Judiciary in States, Counties, and Towns

in general.-English Judiciary,- Bad Legislation. - Daniel O'Connell.

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District, Circuit,

- Aula Regis. — Reform by the Federal Constitution.

and Supreme Courts. — Municipal Judicial Business, Civil or Criminal. —

Its Distribution among Towns, Counties, and States. - Abolition of the

present Single Judicial Offices. - Reasons for it. - Webster. - Moses.-

Solon. Justinian. - Napoleon I.- Frederick II. -Joseph II. - Russell.

- Thompson. - Brady.-Law.....

LETTER XI.

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Finance.-Revenues of the State Canals.- Sinking Fund. - General Fund

Debt. State Stock Loaned to Incorporated Companies. Selling

Canals..

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LETTER XII.

Salt Springs.Appropriation Laws. - State Credit.-Borrowing Money.

Invasion. - Debt Laws. - Voting upon....

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LETTER XIII.

Taxes. Voting on Debt and Tax Laws.....

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LETTER XIV.

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Corporations. General Law. Banking Corporations.- Suspension of

Payment. Registry of Bills. - Paper Money. -Insolvent Banks.-

Boards. Conflict of State Laws, and the Federal Constitution, respecting

Banks of Issue. Paper and Metallic Money. Credit System. -Agri-

culture. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine.....

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LETTER XV.

Cities. - Villages. - History. Superceded by a Judicious Organization of

Towns and Counties. - Saving of Taxes....

...270

LETTER XVI.

Education. -Funds. - Instruction. - Communes. - Girard. - Peabody. -

Cooper. Popular Education. - Popular Sovereignty..

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LETTER XVII.

Their Election. - Vacancies.

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Local Officers. Sheriffs' Clerks. County, City, Town, and Village Offi-

cers. -

Vacant Offices.-Metropolitan Police Law....

Militia.

cers.

LETTER XVIII.

Religious Denominations. - Higher Law. -Appointment of offi-

Major-Generals.

LETTER XX.

Amendments.- Miscellaneous. -Election Results in Regard to Migration. —

Governor Hammond's Speech. -Bound and Free Labor. - Vox Populi

- Franklin....

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LETTER XXI.

Prisons. Penal Colonies on the Western Plains, in the Rocky Mountains.

-Police. - Prison Associations. - Missionary Societies. - Bible....289

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LETTER XXII.

Large Cities. Baltimore, Maryland. - Political History. - The People

One Assembly.-First Constitution, 1650.- Extract. - Voting. - Slav-

ery. - Abolition. - Divided Legislature. - Trouble.- Revolution.- Con-

stitution of 1776. — Amended. —Judiciary Appointed. - Constitution of

1851. Elective Judiciary. -Executive elected by Districts.- City and

Country Jealousy. - Cities Republics of the Middle Age. -Feuds with

the Country Nobility. - Free Cities of Germany. Switzerland. - Large

American Cities. Their Separation from the Country. More such

Separations. Apathy and Disgust with the City Affairs. New Orleans.

- Baltimore Vote on the Amending the Constitution. - Hanse Towns. -

Crimes of English Law. - Macaulay.— Atlantic Telegraph States....294

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LETTER XXIII.

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Morals. Virtues and Vices. - Material of History, Arts, Novels, Dramas,

Tragedies. Washington. Citizen Government.

ment. Priest Government.

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Military Govern-

Mexico. - The Canadas. - British North-

west Territory. The Lord's Prayer. — Conclusion.

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