born in Cisalpine Gaul, lived in the golden age of the Roman language, in friendship with Catullus, Cicero and Pomponius Atticus, and died 30 years B. C. Of his numerous writings, only his Lives of distinguished Generals have come down to us. In this work, he gives, in a classical style, with great brevity and distinctness, 24 biographies of the most remarkable Grecian heroes of antiquity, together with the lives of some barbarian generals, and also that of Cato the elder, finishing his work with the life of Atticus. His characters are, in general, strikingly illustrated, though he does not always observe a just proportion in his relations, sometimes treating important subjects in too concise, and trifling ones in too prolix a manner; and, indeed, he does not always draw from the most trustworthy sources. On account of his brevity, he throws little new light on histor, and it is generally believed that the book which has reached us is an extract from the works of Nepos, made by Emilius Probus, in the time of Theodosius. The edition of this author by Van Staveren (Leyden, 1773) is the most valuable. Other good editions, of a later date, are those of Fischer, Harles, Tzschucke and Bremi.

CORNELIUS, Peter, a native of Düsseldorf, was director of the academy of arts there, and, since 1824, has been director of the academy of arts at Múnich. He formed himself at Rome, by the study of the masters of the old Italian and German schools, and is to be considered as the first living German painter. He has a true poetical spirit, and is, among painters, nearly what Thorwaldsen is among sculptors. The power and originality of his conceptions are recognised, even by those who find him deficient in strict accuracy of drawing, and sometimes in coloring in nis fresco pictures. His spirited and carefully-finished drawings in ink are in much request among connoisseurs. His scenes from Göthe's Faust, engraved by Ruscheweih, as well as his plates to the Nibelungenlied (q. v.), show his spirited conception of poetic thoughts, in which respect, few living artists equal him. He was engaged in preparing his designs from Dante, to be executed in fresco, in the Villa Massimi, at Rome, when Louis, the crownprince, now king, of Bavaria, employed him to paint the saloons of his Glyptotheca (q. v.), or museum of sculpture at Műnich. For this purpose, Cornelius left Rome in 1819, and lived alternately at Düsseldorf and Munich, where he finished the cartoons which he had already in part sketched at Rome The subjects of

these frescoes are taken from the mythology of Homer, Hesiod, and the old heroic world. He is now settled at Munich. The paintings of Cornelius, in the Glyptotheca above-mentioned, form some of the grandest monuments of the fine arts of the present age.

CORNET; a wind instrument, now but little known, having, more than a century since, given place to the hautboy. There were three kinds of cornets-the treble, the tenor and the bass. The treble and tenor cornets were simple curvilineal tubes, about three feet in length, gradually increasing in diameter from the mouthpiece towards the lower end. The bass cornet was a serpentine tube, four or five feet long, and increasing in diameter in the same manner.

CORNET, in military language, is the third officer in a company, in England and the U. States. He bears the colors of the troop. In the Prussian army, the name cornet is abolished.

CORNU COPIE; horn of plenty. (See Acheloüs and Amalthea.)

CORNWALL; a post-town in Litchfield county, Connecticut, on the east side of the Housatonic; 10 miles N. W. Litchfield 38 W. Hartford, 48 N. W. New Haven. A foreign mission school was established here in 1817, under the direction of the board of commissioners for foreign missions. The object of it is to educate heathen children, so that they may be quali fied to instruct their countrymen in Christianity and the arts of civilized life. The number of pupils, in 1822, was 34; of whom 19 were American Indians, and 9 from the islands of the Pacific ocean.

CORNWALL, a maritime county of England, forming the south-western extremity of Great Britain, is surrounded by the sea, except on the eastern side. Its superficial area has been found, by actual survey, to contain 758,484 statute acres, or 1407 square miles. It is divided into 9 hundreds, and 206 parishes. The general aspect of Cornwall is very dreary, a ridge of bleak and rugged hills stretching through its whole length. Comparatively little attention is paid to agriculture in Cornwall, and most of its operations are still conducted in a very rude manner. Its principal wealth is deriv ed from its inines, of which, according to ar accurate map made in 1800, it appears that there were then 45 of copper, 28 of tin, 18 of copper and tin, 2 of lead, 1 of lead and silver, 1 of copper and silver, 1 of silver, 1 of copper and cobalt, 1 of tin and cobalt, and 1 of antimony. Some mines of manganese have been opened since that time.

Of the minerals of this county, which are numerous, one of the most interesting is the soap-rock, particularly used in the manufacture of porcelain. The chinastone, which is raised in great quantities near St. Austell, forms a principal ingredient in the Staffordshire potteries. A great variety of fish frequent the coasts of this county: by far the most important of these are the pilchards, in the fishery of which a great capital is employed. Cornwall can boast of but few manufactures, except the preparation of its metals. Antiquities, generally supposed to be Druidical, abound. This county sends 42 members to parliament. Population, 262,600. The Scilly islands lie about 9 leagues W. by S. of the Land's End, and are supposed to have been formerly connected with Cornwall. The intermediate and surrounding rocks are innumerable.

CORNWALLIS, Charles, marquis of, was born in 1738, and received his education at Eton, and at St. John's college, Cambridge. Devoting himself to the profession of arms, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the king in 1765, and colonel of foot in 1766, and, after passing through all the various promotions, he obtained the rank of general. He represented the borough of Eye in parliament until the death of his father, in 1762, when he succeeded to the peerage. He did not distinguish himself in parliament, either by the frequency or the eloquence of his speeches; and, in the house of peers, he appears to have been favorable to the claims of the American colonies; notwithstanding which, he accepted a command in America, and distinguished himself at the battle of Brandywine, in 1777, and at the siege of Charleston, and was intrusted with the government of South Carolina. After obtaining the victories of Camden and Guilford, he formed the plan of invading Virginia, which failed; and he was made prisoner with his whole army. He laid the blame of this defeat on sir Henry Clinton, who had not given him the succor he expected; and several pamphlets were published between them, in which sir Henry blamed both the scheme and its conduct. Soon after his return to England, he was removed from his place of governor of the Tower of London, but was reäppointed in 1784, and retained it until his death. In 1786, lord Cornwallis was sent out to India, with the double appointment of commander-in-chief and governor-general; and not long after, the government of Beng 1 declared war against the sultan of the Mysore, for an attack upon the rajah

of Travancore, the ally of the English. The first campaign was indecisive; but in March, 1791, ford Cornwallis invaded the Mysore, and, in the year after, besieged the city of Seringapatam, and obliged the sultan, Tippoo Saib, to sue for peace, and to submit to such terms as he dictated These were, to give up a part of his do.. minions, to pay a large sum of money, with a promise of a more considerable portion of treasure; and, as hostages for the performance of this treaty, Tippoo intrusted two of his sons to the care of lord Cornwallis. On the conclusion of this important war, lord Cornwallis returned to England, and, in 1792, was created marquis, appointed master-general of the ordnance, and admitted a member of the privy council. In 1798, at the time of the rebellion, he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which office he filled until 1801, conducting himself with great firmness and judgment, united with a conciliatory disposition. In the same year, he was sent to France, where he signed the peace of Amiens. In 1804, on the recall of the marquis of Wellesley, he was again appointed governor-general of India, and, the following year, died at Ghazepore, in the province of Benares. His personal character was amiable and unassuming, and, if his talents were not brilliant, his sound sense, aided by his laudable ambi tion and perseverance, effected much. As a military man, he was active and vigilant, always giving his instructions in person, and attending to the performance of thein.

CORO, or VENEZUELA, a town in Venezuela, the capital of the province or district of Coro; 80 leagues W. of Caracas; lon. 69° 40′ W.; lat. 11° 24′ N.; population, 10,000. It is situated on a dry, sandy plain, on an isthmus which separates the lake of Maracaybo from the Caribbean sea. The streets are regular, but the houses are mean. The port is indifferent, and the commerce of the town is inconsiderable.

COROLLARY (in Latin, corollarium); a conclusion from premises, or from a proposition demonstrated. Formerly, it was used to signify a surplus.

COROMANDEL, COAST OF (Dsholamandol, country of millet); the eastern coast of Hindostan, along the Carnatic, so called, extending from cape Calymere, lat 10° 20', to the mouth of the Kistnah, lat. 15° 45' N.; length about 350 miles. It contains many flourishing cities, but Coringa is the only one which affords a har bor. Madras is the English provincial city From the beginning of October until

April, north winds blow along the shore, and, during the first three months, with such vehemence, that navigation, during this period, is very dangerous. This is called the north-east monsoon. In the middle of April, the south winds begin, which last until the month of October. During this time, vessels can approach the coast with safety. The wind, during the day, is often glowing hot, but, in the night, becomes cool again. The sandy soil of the whole coast is not favorable for the cultivation of rice; but cotton is produced in great quantity, and, in its raw as well as its manufactured state, is the source of wealth to the industrious inhabitants.

CORON; a fortress in the Morea, 17 leagues S. W. Tripolizza, and 43 E. of Moon, on the eastern shore of the gulf of Modon; situated on a mountain; lat. 36° 47′ 26′′ N.; lon. 21° 58′ 52′′ E.; population, 5000.

CORONATION; a solemn inauguration of a monarch, with religious ceremonies, which, in ancient times, when the right of succession to the throne was more uncertain or disputed than at present, or when the right to govern could not be obtained without undertaking certain for mal obligations, was deemed more necessary than in modern times. This act is not considered as necessary for establishing the rights and obligations of rulers and subjects; but it is very proper as a means of reminding both parties, in a solemn way, of the nature of their duties. The essential parts of the coronation are, first, the oath which the monarch takes, that he will govern justly, will always consult the real welfare of his people, and will conscientiously observe the fundamental laws of the state; and, secondly, the placing of the crown upon his head with religious solemnities (prayer and anointing). In England, kings have been anointed and crowned in Westminster abbey, even to the latest times, with great splendor, and the observance of ancient feudal customs, many of which are very singular. So also in France, where the church of the archbishop of Rheims has from ancient times enjoyed the privilege of the celebration of this ceremony. (Histoire du Sacre de Charles X, by F. M. Miel, Paris, 1825.) Splendid engravings of the coronations, both of king George IV of Great Britain, and of king Charles X of France, have made their appearance.* The coro

*The English king at arms, George Naylor, has ublished the history of the coronation of George IV. in a work of 40 pages, with 70 copperplates,

nation oath of Charles X ran thus:—“In the presence of God, I promise my people to defend and honor (de maintenir et d'honorer) our holy religion, as it becomes the most Christian king and the eldest son of the church; to cause justice to be done to all my subjects; finally, to govern in conformity to the laws of the kingdom, and to the charter, which I swear truly to observe; so help me God and his holy gos pel." The coronation oath of the king of England is prescribed by 1 William and Mary, c. 6, modified by 5 Anne, c. 8 and 39, 40 George III, c. 67:"I solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same; to the utmost of my power to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the gospel, and the Protestant reformed religion established by the law; to preserve unto the bishops and the clergy of this realm, and the churches committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by law do or shall appertain unto them or any of them.' After this, the king or queen, laying his or her hand upon the holy Gospels, shall say, The things which I have before promised, I will perform and keep; so help me God; and then shall kiss the book." The coronation of the German emperor, by the pope, in former times, was the source of much disorder, as the emperor was generally obliged to go to Rome with an army. Napoleon crowned himself, and then put the crown on the head of his wife Josephine.

CORONER; an officer in England and some of the U. States, the chief part of whose duty is to inquire into the cause of the death of persons killed, or dying suddenly. In England, he inquires also into the cause of death of persons dying in prison. His examination is made, in all cases, with the aid of a jury, in sight of the body, and at the place where the death happened. In England, the coroner has also to inquire concerning shipwrecks, and certify, in any particular case, whether there be an actual wreck or not, and who is in possession of the goods; also to inquire concerning treasure trove; that is, gold or silver, which appears, when found, to have been purposely hidden, and remains unclaimed. Such treasure, in England, be

price 25 guineas, the first official description of the ceremony in England, since the account of the coronation of James II, by Sandford, in 1687

longs to the king. The coroner, in that country, is also the sheriff's substitute; and, when an exception can be taken to the sheriff, for partiality, process is awarded to the coroner. In those of the U. States where there are coroners, their principal duty is to inquire into the causes of violent or extraordinary death. In Connecticut, the duty is performed by a justice of the peace or a constable.

CORONET; an inferior crown, belonging to the English nobility. The coronet of an English duke is adorned with strawberry leaves; that of a marquis has leaves, with pearls interposed; that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves; that of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only; that of a baron has only four pearls.

CORPORAL. This word is written in the same, or in a similar, manner in many languages, and, at first sight, would seem to be derived from corps (body); but it originates, in fact, from the French caporal and the Italian caporale, which are derived from capo, the Italian form of the Latin caput (the head). The change of the first syllable, ca, into cor, is of much antiquity. Du Fresne uses the Low Latin term corporalis. From this author it appears, that corporal formerly signified a superior commander; but, like captain and many other words, it has sunk in its dignity. A corporal is now a rank and file man, with superior pay to that of common soldiers, and with nominal rank under a sergeant. He has charge of one of the squads of the company, places and relieves sentinels, &c. Every company in the English service has three or four corporals. In armies in which privates may advance to the highest ranks, as in France, Prussia, &c., great care is taken in selecting corporals. In fact, they are officers of inuch importance, associating, as they do, with the privates, over whom their superiority of rank gives them much influence. The feeling of military honor, good morals, and emulation in the discharge of duty, are, in a great degree, to be infused into the mass by means of the corporals.-A corporal of a man of war is an officer who has the charge of setting and relieving the watches and sentries, and who sees that the soldiers and sailors keep their arms neat and clean: he teaches them how to use their arms, and has a mate under him.

CORPORATION. A corporation is a political or civil institution, comprehending one or more persons, by whom it is conducted according to the laws of its constitution. It is a conventional and artifi

cial organ, of an integral or individual character, whether it embraces one or more members, and is invested with certain powers and rights, varying according to the objects of its establishment. Its acts, when done in pursuance of its powers, are considered those of the body, or organ, and not those of the member or members composing the corporation. In respect to the number of members, corporations are divided into sole, consisting of one person, and aggregate, consisting of more than one. A corporation does not lose its identity by a change of its members. Hence the maxim, in the English law, that the king never dies; for the regal power is considered to be invested in a sole corporation, which continues the same, though the individual corporator may die. The whole political system is made up of a concatenation of various corporations, political, civil, religious, social and economical. A nation itself is the great corporation, comprehending all the others, the powers of which are exerted in legislative, executive and judicial acts, which, when confined within the scope, and done according to the forms, prescribed by the constitution, are considered to be the acts of the nation, and not merely those of the official organs. Corporations are also either local or at large. A nation, state, county, town or parish, is a local corporation; stage-coach or navigation companies, charitable and many other associations, may be at large and transitory, that is, not restricted as to the residence of their members, or the place at which their affairs are to be conducted; but, whether local or ambulatory, their objects, powers and forms of proceeding must be defined. for by these the metaphysical abstract entity, called a corporation, subsists; and the persons by whom this artificial conventional engine is operated cease to act as corporators the moment they pass beyond the limits of the objects and power? of the institution. Corporations are cre ated either by prescription or charter, bu most commonly by the latter. The Énglish government, and, indeed, most of the other governments of Europe, are corporations by prescription. All the American governments are corporations created by charters, viz. their constitutions. So private corporations may be established in either of these ways, and, whether by one or the other, they derive their powers and franchises, either directly or indirectly; from the sovereign power of the state. The improvements, among the moderns. in civil liberty, arts and commerce. took

their rise in private corporations. In the first volume of Robertson's Charles V will be found a very good historical view of the manner in which municipal corporations and communities contributed to the amelioration of the condition of the great mass of the population in the western part of Europe. The several governments, established after the dissolution of the Roman empire, had degenerated into a system of oppression, and the great body of the people were reduced to a state of actual servitude; and the condition of those dignified with the name of freemen was little preferable to that of the others. Nor was this oppression confined to the people inhabiting the country. Cities and villages found it necessary to acknowledge dependence on some powerful lord, on whom they relied for protection. The inhabitants could not dispose of the effects acquired by their own industry, either, during life, by deed, or, at their decease, by will. They had no right to appoint guardians to their children, and were not permitted to marry without purchasing the consent of their superior lord. If they once commenced a suit in the lord's court, they durst not terminate it by compromise, because this would deprive the lord of the perquisites due to him on passing sentence. Services of various kinds, no less disgraceful than oppressive, were exacted from them without mercy or moderation. The cities of Italy, being situated at a distance from their German superiors, whereby the ties of subjection were weakened, found it comparatively easy to extricate themselves from their political and commercial thraldom; and they were stimulated to the attempt by the excitement, revival of trade, and influx of wealth, occasioned by the crusades. The spirit which animated the Italian cities spread itself into Germany and France, where the dilapidation and exhaustion of the wealth of the sovereigns and nobles, occasioned by the repeated and obstinate prosecution of these religious wars, put it in the power of the towns to extort, or to purchase at a low rate, exemption from many species of military oppression, servitude and merciless exaction. In some stipulated composition, the sovereign or baron granted charters of community (see Community), guarantying certain privileges in regard to personal liberty, municipal government and judicial administration. These charters, though on a limited scale, were equivalent, in character, to what are called constitutions in the U. States; and the term

is still retained, on the continent of Europe, in the same application: thus the limitations to which the Bourbons submitted, when restored to the throne of France, are called the charter. As the most important immunities and privileges granted in these charters were, in effect, limitations of the legislative and execu tive power of the sovereigns, they would very naturally attempt to retract them, when a favorable opportunity offered; and this they did, and sometimes with success; but the corporations had one great advantage, in resisting these encroachments, in consequence of the struggles between the sovereigns and nobles; for the free cities, being very useful allies to either side in these contests, were treated with greater forbearance, so that the general tendency was to the enlargement and establishment of the rights and privileges of the citizen, and the restraint and regulation of the power of the sovereign. This voluntary association of small communities, which proved so powerful an engine in rearing the present political fabrics in Christendom, is no less efficient as an engine of political revolution and demolition; and it may be used with equal success for the best or the most pernicious purposes, as every age and country has frequent opportunity of witnessing. Charters of incorporation for mere economical purposes, as the construction of roads and canals, and carrying on of banking, insurance, manufactures, &c., are more frequent in the U States than in any other country. Corporations are erected for undertakings which are, in England, conducted by joint stock companies; and, in some of the states, the character of these bodies has been modified by the laws, where their object is the conducting of some branch of industry, so as to render them either limited or absolute copartnerships, in respect to the joint liability of the individual members for the engagements of the company, though they still retain the character of corporations, in respect to the capacity to conduct business, notwithstanding the decease of any members, which, in ordinary copartnerships, usually effects a dissolution.

CORPORATION AND TEST ACTS. The corporation act, passed in the 13th Charles II, 1661, prevented any person from being legally elected to any office belonging to the government of any city or corporation in England, unless he had, within the twelvemonth preceding, receiv ed the sacrament of the Lord's supper, ac