hended in the solemn benediction of the Father and the Son, which follows: therefore the interpretation' (given by Scott) seems preferable.' Notice should have been taken of the critical authorities by which it is sanctioned.* Eichhorn interprets the phrase, ipsa Dei natura perfectissima." The passage, however, has never hitherto received that satisfactory illustration of which we believe it to be susceptible.

The words μagτùs & moтòs, in the succeeding verse, seem, Dr. Burton remarks, to be another solecism instead of roù μágτugos. If so, the difficulty is not obviated by putting a stop at Xgiotou, and connecting them with T aуаπnσаνт. Mr. Valpy adopts Mr. Tilloch's suggestion †, that the words represent the indeclinable Hebrew noun, the Amen, with which they are found immediately connected at chap. iii. 14.; and the same explanation is applied to the nominatives which follow. This solution seems to us not less unsatisfactory; since, if there is any propriety in the introduction of the article To before i v in the preceding verse, it would have been required here also. We should prefer to put a stop both after Xporou and after tйs vñs, and to consider the intervening words as a separate sentence, containing a proclamation, as it were, of the Divine and sovereign titles of the Messiah.

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There is but one more passage to which our limits will allow us to refer :-Heb. i. 2. Here occurs a very remarkable instance of the absence of the article where it might have been looked for. In fact, Professor Stuart goes so far as to represent this instance as fatal to Bp. Middleton's theory. That the article would be added' (prefixed) to vi here, if the phrase was constructed according to the common usage of the Greek language and of the New Testament writers,' says the American Professor, 'is quite obvious; although I find none of the modern commentators who take notice of it. In accordance with this principle, both Chrysostom and Theophylact supply it in their paraphrase, expressing the sense by διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ. After all the rules which ' have been laid down respecting the omission or insertion of the 'article in Greek, and all the theories which have been advanced, ' he who investigates for himself, and is guided only by facts, ' will find not a little that is arbitrary in the actual use of it. . . 'It is plain, in the present case, that v is monadic; that it de'signates one individual peculiarly distinguished; and that the pronoun autou is omitted after it; on all which accounts, (according to theory,) the article should be added. But all the

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*We have pleasure in again referring our readers to Smith's Scrip. Test. Vol. III. p. 154; and to the learned Author's Discourse on the Personality of the Holy Spirit. p. 50.

+ See Ecl. Rev. Vol. XXIII. p. 357. Art. Tilloch on the Apocalypse.

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*

'Codices of the New Testament agree in omitting it.' In reply to these remarks, it may be urged, first, that an unexplained exception would seem to furnish no very solid reason for setting aside a rule established by so extensive a deduction as that which forms the basis of Bp. Middleton's theory. Secondly, that nothing is more unphilosophical than to conclude a usage to be guided by no rules, because it may be governed by different rules, and vary accordingly. Cases may be numerous, in which the Greek writers insert or reject the article at pleasure;' and in one sense, this may be regarded as an arbitrary use of it.' But it does not follow that, in those cases, the usage is independent of rules, the choice being allowed by rules crossing each other, either of which the writer might follow. For example, it is a general rule, in our own language as in the Greek, that proper names do not take the definite article, for the obvious reason that they are in themselves definite, including as it were a definition. But titles and abstract nouns used as appellatives, as a general rule, take the article; because, according to Dr. Middleton's theory, they are the predicate of certain qualities of which the article is the subject. But proper names may be used as titles; and again, abstract nouns may be converted into proper names. In such cases, the rule obviously requires, that the proper name should take the article, and the title lose it. Thus, in English, The King, the Prince, the Deity, the Almighty, are titular appellatives; but Deity, as well as God, is sometimes used without the article, as a proper name; and Duke, Prince, or King loses the article when associated with a proper name; as King William, Prince George, &c. On the other hand, proper names become titles, when we speak of the Casar, the Bourbon, the Sefi, the Douglas. Again, we say, the Providence of God, and Providence; the Crown, and Majesty; the Church, and Mother Church; in the one case, employing the word as the proper name of the personified attribute; in the other case, using it as a descriptive title. We do not mean to contend, either that the Article in English and the Greek Article have the same import, or that they are subject to the same rules, but merely cite these as analogical illustrations. At the same time, we are disposed to regard both our definite and indefinite articles as true pronouns, -the one related to that, the other to any or one.

But to return to the instance before us. Professor Stuart, while contending that, according to theory, the word via should have the article prefixed, suggests, that perhaps it may be here employed as a kind of proper name,' and that ́ ́ on this account it omits the article, by a license usual in respect to proper

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* Stuart on the Hebrews, Vol. II. p. 17. Neither Mr. Valpy nor Dr. Burton notices the passage.

names.' For license, we should say rule. Dr. Bloomfield, adopting this idea, remarks, that had Bp. Middleton noticed this passage, he would have found no difficulty in reconciling it with his theory, since he would have seen that vios may here be con• sidered, like Χριστὸς for ὁ Χριστὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, as an appellative converted into a proper name, and consequently entitled to the same license which we sometimes find in Xgorós.' The same explanation is applied to the anarthrous use of the word vids at ch. vii. 28., of this Epistle. These two instances, however, may be thought scarcely sufficient to warrant the supposition that Son is here used as a proper name, in the absence of all other evidence of so very peculiar a usage. One of Middleton's rules is, that the article is very frequently omitted before nouns which would otherwise take it, when they are governed by a preposition. According to this rule, then, the passage before us is at once explained. But may not the omission be explained by the construction? The word Son is here defined by what follows:'whom he hath constituted lord of all.' We sometimes employ the indefinite article in English, when the noun is essentially monadic, but is defined by the phrase of which it forms part: e. g. a God too wise to err, a Saviour who died for us. We submit whether the omission of the Greek article in the passage before us may not be accounted for upon an analogous principle, and whether we ought not to read, ἐν υἱῷ ὃν ἔθηκε κληρονόμον πάντων, “ α "Son whom he has constituted lord of all.' The sentiment precludes the idea that any Son but One can be referred to, since there can be but one Universal Lord.

a

We must here take leave of the publications which have afforded occasion for these critical disquisitions, and the contents of which might supply matter for a numerous series of articles. Our readers will now, we think, be able to form a correct estimate of their respective merits. It is rather an invidious task, to adjudicate the comparative claims of competitors; but we may perhaps venture to recommend Mr. Valpy's and Dr. Burton's editions as the more suitable for those who have as yet little acquaintance with the labours of critical commentators, for the upper classes of schools, and persons wishing to familiarize themselves with the sacred oracles in their genuine form, without embarrassing their minds with the details of criticism. Dr. Bloomfield's edition, though less suitable for the novice, will be invaluable to all whose profession requires, or whose leisure admits of a more critical study of the Inspired Writings. That he should have been able, with such slender means only as an in'considerable benefice in an obscure situation could supply,' to complete two such arduous undertakings as his "Recensio Synoptica" and the present work,-affords a fresh proof, how little learning is indebted to the splendid endowments and rich

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sinecures of the Establishment. We regret to find the learned Author adverting to the unsparing sacrifices which he has made, in the service of the Church, of health, fortune, comfort, and ' whatever renders life desirable.' He has deserved well both of the Church and of the Christian world, and has fairly earned the highest remuneration that the dispensers of ecclesiastical patronage have to bestow. We shall rejoice to hear that these volumes obtain a rapid and extensive sale; and we hope that the learned Author will soon have the opportunity, in a second edition, to make any use he may think proper of our critical strictures,dictated, we trust, by no motives inferior to those which have animated his assiduous labours.

Art. II. 1. The Pedestrian: A Summer's Ramble in the Tyrol, and some of the adjacent Provinces. M.D.CCCXXX. By Charles Joseph Latrobe, Author of "The Alpenstock." 8vo. pp. 349. Price 12s. London, 1832.

2. A Three Months' Tour in Switzerland and France: illustrated with Plates, descriptive of Mountain Scenery, and interspersed with Poetry; with a Route to Chamouni, the Bernese Alps, &c. By the Rev. William Liddiard, Author of "The Legend of Einsidlin," &c. 8vo. pp. 263. Price 10s. 6d. London, 1832. THOSE readers who found Mr. Latrobe a pleasant travelling

companion among the Swiss Alps, and who were happy to avail themselves of his Alpenstock in climbing the Niesen, the Stockhorn, and the Rawyl, without the fatigue of bodily locomotion, will not, we think, be less pleased to accompany him in his ramble through the Grisons and the Tyrol. His is not, however, the book to please or interest every one. Readers whose sluggish imagination requires the strong stimulant of historic legend or romantic fiction, in order to its pleasurable excitement, those to whom the majesty and beauty of nature, in her lonely recesses, are insipid, unless made the scene of some adventure of love or horror,-matter-of-fact men and utilitarians, or those who expect a traveller to furnish them with philosophical or political disquisitions upon the state of Europe,-will not find much to their taste in Mr. Latrobe's unpretending volumes. Nay, to enter into the spirit of the Pedestrian, a reader would need to have some kindred degree of topographical enthusiasm, and to be able to enter into the feeling that inspired poor Bloomfield's finest poem, in which he exclaims :

'From nature and her changes flow

An everlasting tide of joy.'

In fact, the Author writes for 'pedestrian readers,' and for those

who can take in pictures drawn in words, and to whom the terms alp, and loch, and rock and glen are music. For our own parts, though neither mountaineers nor extraordinary peripatetics, we have found a great deal to interest and entertain us in the present, as in the former volume; and we are very glad to be made familiarly acquainted, by means of a pedestrian survey, with the local features and topography of the Alpine region which the Author has explored.

On the 3d of May, our Pedestrian started from Erlenbach in the valley of the Simmen, and proceeded by Balzers to Coire, the capital of the Grisons. Thence, not without great difficulty and peril, the snows of winter not having yet ceased to fall in the higher Alps, he made his way across the ridge of the Julier, 6830 feet above the sea, to the valley of the Engadine, through which the Inn descends towards the Tyrol. This remarkable vale, nearly 60 miles in length, elevated between 5500 and 3840 feet above the sea, presents, Mr. Latrobe says, a spectacle ' of greater opulence than any other in the Alps, or, probably, 'than any other region of Europe of like elevation.'

The natural productions are as meagre and as few in number as elsewhere, at this height, where nine months' winter and three months' summer, is the lot of the inhabitants. Yet here, and principally in the Upper Engadine, at the height of 4000 feet above the sea, the traveller meets with numerous villages, displaying a degree of luxury in their architecture, and interior and exterior arrangements, which appears singular, when contrasted with the forbidding features of the savage landscape in which they are placed. Some of the highest villages are the most striking in this respect; and were Celerina, Samaden, and Bevers placed in any other country, they would be called really handsome. Industry is the source of all this wealth, though the theatre of its exertions must be sought for elsewhere than in the Engadine. The natives are to be found scattered through every town and country of Europe, where they are well known as successful refiners of sugar, and as deeply skilled in the art of confectionery. Their love of home brings them back at a later age to this valley, with full purses, devoted to the embellishment of their native village. The architecture is peculiar. The houses are built of rough stone, with a coating of white plaster on the exterior, and a wainscot of larch in the interior. The windows are numerous, but in general small, square, and deeply sunk in the wall, like the embrasure of a battery. Here and there, the white stucco is painted, but seldom tastefully. But above all, the churches are so elegant that it is difficult to believe oneself in a Protestant district. For our good reformers, in general, seem to have been of opinion, that good taste was of the party of the Pope and Cardinals, and to have abjured it accordingly in their ecclesiastical edifices. The churches of the villages above named are, for the most part, decorated with quadrangular towers and cupolas of goodly height and proportion. Further down, towards the Lower Engadine, spires become frequent.' pp. 24, 5.