natural that Ohio should take a prominent part against the rebellious States. Both in Congress, in planning ways and providing means to carry on the war, and in the field, in fighting the battles, her sons were among the foremost. She furnished over three hundred thousand soldiers, or more than one-tenth of the forces that fought in behalf of the Union. The three highest officers of the army, Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan, were born in Ohio. The effective patriotism of the citizens of Ohio in the cause of the Union and of freedom in those years of trouble may well be ground for pride and an incentive to loyalty for all future generations of Ohioans.

30. Ohio and the Union.-While prospering in her domestic affairs, few States have had a more important part in the history of the United States during the past half-century. For forty years she ranked third in population; in her industries she takes a high rank; while in political and governmental matters her influence has been most marked. Her public men have had a prominent place in the councils of the nation. Among both the State and national officers and on the rolls of Congress are the names of Ohio citizens who have had a large share in the achievements of our country. Among her great governors are Meigs, Worthington, Morrow, Corwin, Chase, Brough, and Hayes; among her judges, McLean, Swan, Thurman, and Ranney; among the ablest of her representatives in Congress have been Corwin, Ewing, and Giddings, and in the United States Senate, Chase, Wade, Thurman, and Sherman; four presidents of the United States have been chosen

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

from Ohio - William Henry Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, and William McKinley-while two others, Ulysses S. Grant and Benjamin Harrison, were born in the State; two of the eight chief justices of the

United States supreme court, and four of the associate justices, have been from Ohio; to the cabinet of the president, Ohio has furnished three secretaries of state, five secretaries of the treasury, three secretaries of the interior, four secretaries of war, three postmasters-general, and four attorneys-general.

31. The Future of Ohio.-In the century just closed Ohio has made a good record. What her history shall be during the next century depends on the youth of the State. Every free State is just what its citizens make it. If they are wise and patriotic, the government will be good and the laws just'; if they are heedless and indifferent about public affairs, the government will be sure to decline. Every citizen is responsible for what is done by the State and local governments, for the people choose those who make and administer the laws. If bad laws are made or good laws are poorly enforced, it is the fault of the citizens who permit such things. Each one who does not at all proper times exert what influence he has in favor of honest government, and in favor of honest and patriotic men as officers, is an enemy of his State and his country. Upon the young men and women of our State depends its future welfare. If in the coming years they imitate the good deeds and the patriotism of the men of the last century, and avoid the mistakes and the selfish ambition which have sometimes been shown, they will carry the State to still greater achievements. By always placing the prosperity of our country above the success of any political party; the honest and fearless enforcement of law above any personal advantage to the official; and by yielding prompt obedience at all times to the laws as they exist, while seeking their improvement where possible, each one will be doing his duty as a citizen, and as a result, peace and prosperity will rest upon the State and its people.

CHAPTER III.

THE STATE GOVERNMENT.

32. The Citizen.-According to the Constitution of the United States, "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." Hence every person living in the State of Ohio, who was born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction, or who having been a citizen of another country has renounced that citizenship and has been naturalized in the United States, is a citizen of Ohio. Since this is prescribed in the Constitution of the United States, the State cannot change it.

33. The Elector.-All citizens are entitled to the protection of the State and owe allegiance and obedience to it, but it was not thought best by those who framed the State government that all citizens should be given the right to vote. A citizen who has the right to vote is an

elector. The Constitution of the State prescribes who shall be electors.1

34. The Government.-The government of the State of Ohio, like that of the other States, is vested in three departments—the legislative, the executive, and the judicial-among which are distributed all powers which the people desire to have exercised by the government.

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.

35. The Legislative Power.-While the three departments are necessary to the continuance of the government, the legislative is of the first importance, for laws must be made before they can be administered and applied by the other two departments. All laws of the State are made by the legislative department, but any act which is not in harmony with the Constitution of the United States and that of the State, may be declared void by the judicial department, when a case arises in the courts which involves the measure in question.

The legislative power of Ohio is vested in a General Assembly, or legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives.2 The General Assembly of Ohio exercises greater power than does that of most States, for it has the right to do by means of laws many things which are in other States settled by the constitution itself, or entrusted to other departments of the government. It is more independent of the executive department than in most States, since its acts become laws without submission to the governor for his approval; it has also the power to remove judges from office."

The State laws deal with those subjects which concern the residents of the State both in their relations to the State and to the community, and in their every-day actions and

1 See Constitution, Art. V., and foot-note. 2 See Art. II. Sect. 1.

3 See Art. IV. Sect. 17.