and to yield his personal services when necessary. 9. No part of a man's property shall be taken from him without his consent, or that of the representative body of the people. 10. Whenever private property shall be applied to public use, the owner thereof shall receive just compensation therefor. 11. The inhabitants of each State are controlled by no laws except those to which they or their representatives have given their consent.

CHAPTER XX.

RECURRENCE TO FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES.

THE doctrine set forth in the several constitutions on this subject is as follows: 1. The frequent recurrence to fundamental principles of the constitution, and a constant adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry, frugality, and all the social virtues, are indispensably necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty and good government. 2. The people ought to have a particular regard to all these principles in the choice of their officers and representatives. 3. They have a right to require of their lawgivers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of government. 4. Long continuance in office is dangerous to liberty. 5. Rotation in office is one of the best securities of perma

man's property be taken from him? When private property is applied to public use, what shall the owner thereof receive? By what law only are the inhabitants of each State controlled?

CH. 20. What is indispensably necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty and good government? To what should the people have a particular regard in the choice of their officers and representatives? What have they a right to require of their lawgivers and magistrates? What is the effect of long continuance in office? What is one of the best securities of permanent freedom? Should any person hold two offices of profit at the same time? What should no person in public trust receive without the approbation of his own State?

nent freedom. 6. No person ought to hold at the same time more than one office of profit. 7. No person in public trust should receive any present from any foreign Power or State, or from the United States, or from any of the States, without the approbation of his own State.

CHAPTER XXI.

OBJECTS OF THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

THE objects of the declaration of rights, as set forth in the several constitutions, are as follows: 1. In order effectually to secure the religious and political freedom established by our venerable ancestors, and preserve the same for our posterity, we do declare, that the essential and unquestionable rights and principles herein mentioned shall be established, maintained, and preserved, and shall be of paramount obligation in all legislative, judicial, and executive proceedings. 2. To guard against any encroachment on the rights herein retained, or any transgression of any of the high powers herein delegated, we declare, that every thing in the declaration of rights is exempted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate; and that all laws contrary thereto shall be void.

CH. 21. What is the object of the declaration of rights? What is de clared in reference to them? In what are they of paramount obligation? What is exempted out of the general powers of government? For what purpose? What is the effect, if laws are made contrary thereto?

CHAPTER XXII.

DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT.

1. THE powers of government are divided into three distinct departments: 1. The legislative; 2. The judiciary; 3. The executive.

2. All the States in the Union agree in dividing the Government into three separate and distinct departments: the power that makes the laws, or the legislative power; the power that applies the law to each particular state of facts proved, or the judiciary power; the power that executes the law, or the executive power. This is equally true of the national government. No power belonging to one of these departments can be exercised by either of the other departments, except in cases expressly authorized by the constitution.

CHAPTER XXIII.

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

Ir will be seen by what follows that only about onesixth of the population of the several States are entitled to exercise the elective franchise. The provisions of the sev eral constitutions agree in most of the following points:

1. Into how many classes are the powers of government divided? What are they?

2. In what do all the States in the Union agree? What is the power that makes the laws called? What is the power that applies the laws called? What is the power that executes the laws called? Are the powers of the national government divided into departments? Can one department exercise the powers belonging to either of the others?

CH. 23. What proportion of the population of the several States are en

1. No person under the age of twenty-one years is allowed to vote. 2. None but males are allowed to vote. 3. None but residents of the State are allowed to vote. 4. None but citizens are allowed to vote. 5. Some States require a residence of one year in the State, and six months in the county where the elector claims to vote; and other States require but three months' residence in the county. 6. Some States require the elector to possess a freehold estate, or to have performed military duty or paid a State tax. 7. Some States require the elector to possess a good moral character, and to take an oath prescribed for electors. 8. Most of the States exclude from the right of suffrage persons convicted of infamous crimes. 9. Paupers, persons under guardianship, and Indians not taxed, are generally excluded. 10. Free negroes, in some States, are allowed to vote on an equality with white citizens. In other States, where no property qualification is required of free white male citizens, they are required to have a freehold of two hundred and fifty dollars over and above all debts and encumbrances charged thereon, and to have paid a tax thereon; and in other States no free negro, mulatto, or person of mixed blood, descended from negro ancestors to the fourth generation, inclusive, are allowed the right of suffrage. 11. Electors are generally privileged from arrest in going to, remaining at, and returning from the place of voting, except in cases of treason, felony, or breach of the peace.

titled to exercise the elective franchise? How old must a person be to be entitled to vote? Are women and children allowed to vote? Where must the elector reside? Are foreigners allowed to vote? How long a residence do the States require before a person is entitled to vote? What property qualification do some States require? Is character a test of qualification in any of the States? If a person has been convicted of an infamous crime, is he allowed to vote? What is the general rule of law as to paupers, and Indians not taxed? What is the rule as to free negroes and mulattoes? When are electors privileged from arrest?

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE LEGISLATURE.

1. THE power in the government that makes the laws is called the Legislature. It is composed of two distinct branches. The names generally applied to these two branches are: 1. The Senate; 2. The House of Representatives. In some of the States they are called the Senate and Assembly. In the national government they are called the Senate and House of Representatives. The legislative bodies in the States are called Legislatures. The legislative body of the nation is called Congress. The legislative body of the government of Great Britain is called Parliament. It is composed of two distinct branches: 1. A House of Lords; 2. A House of Commons. The House of Representatives in the States and in the nation is the most numerous branch of the Legislature or of Congress. The senators in most of the States are elected for a longer time than the representatives. In New York there are thirty-two senators elected for two years. There are one hundred and twenty-eight representatives elected for one year. The pay of each is equal. They are entitled to three dollars per day, not to exceed one hundred days. The several States differ in the number and proportion of members of each house, and in the amount received for their services.

1. What is the legislative power in the government? Of what composed? What are the names generally applied to these two branches? What are they called in some of the States? What is the legislative body in the nation called? What is the legislative body in Great Britain called? Of what is it composed? Which is the larger in the States, the House of Representatives or the Senate? Which are elected for the longer time? How many senators in New York? How many representatives? For what time are each elected? What is their compensation? Have the States the same or different numbers of members of the Senate and House of Representatives?