thought had a high expertise in this water research, and it interested me to discuss water problems with him. We were told at the time of the previous hearings, particularly when universities were before us, that there were not enough people coming out of the academic programs that would have the thrust and impetus to follow into the water research and resources area. Is this your finding today so far as you have been in the Department?

Dr. BATES. I have not studied this matter, and I would prefer to refer that question to Dr. Renne. My personal opinion on this, from the degree that I have looked at the problem, is that we do not have enough people in this area. I have seen this from the university position.

Mr. WHITE of Idaho. This was the general impression that was received here.

Dr. BATES. That is all I can give you at the present time.

Mr. WHITE of Idaho. I would like to suggest one last thing to you prior to finishing my talk with you, and that is that I am concerned about cooperation not only with these other entities that have been suggested here, but also the agencies of the Department of the Interior. I am thinking about the USGS and what it can accomplish working with some of the land-grant colleges, private institutions or individual groups that have an expertise in this area. I am thinking about underground water surveys. So many parts of the United States have thought for years that their underground aquifers were unlimited, that you could put down wells and forever pump. This they found to be a fallacy. Even in my own State of Idaho where we have one of the biggest aquifers in the United States, the Snake River Plains, we are beginning to find that in certain areas that problems arise not only from having too little water, but too much water, where we continue to irrigate we get to the point that we are creating marshes and alkalai and salinity problems. I would like to suggest to you that in your capacity as an adviser that this be looked at very carefully.

In the water resources research lab that we have at the University of Idaho, it would seem logical that some of these young fellows, graduate students, could be assigned to work with the USGS in the areas of underground water supply.

One last thing. I feel that I want to see this program developed logically. I don't want to necessarily see the big research centers get bigger and the smaller ones get smaller. I think that there should be an effort to keep it on an even keel where the work can best be done in the areas where the problems exist, and I would like to suggest definitely that cooperation with the USGS in their areas be coordinated with the research centers, with the idea of young men or women that are involved in this taking a part with the USGS in some of their underground water and surface waters studies.

Dr. BATES. Let me simply say I agree with you 100 percent in everything you have said.

Mr. WHITE of Idaho. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. ROGERS. Mr. Roncalio.

Mr. RONCALIO. No questions.

Mr. ROGERS. Mr. Burton.

Mr. BURTON of California. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. ROGERS. Dr. Bates, one question.

You were questioned a minute ago about the primary problem of water. I believe you referred to distribution. Now the logical conclusion of that would be that there are then areas of definite shortages in the United States.

Dr. BATES. That is correct.

Mr. ROGERS. Percentagewise by States do you have any information as to how many States would be considered as water short and others in abundance.

Dr. BATES. I can certainly get those figures for you. I don't have them in my aind.

Mr. ROGERS. If you could, I would like to have those, and I would also like to have it broken down by geographical areas which I would presume would be more accurate. Without objection, those will be included in the record at this point.

(The material referred to is as follows:)

Water shortage may be defined as the failure of a commonly used source of water supply to meet the water requirements imposed on it. In the United States many cities and regions have experienced water shortages of a temporary or perennial nature. Solutions to the shortage problem, if of temporary nature caused by anomalous natural conditions, may be found in expedient measures such as: temporary reduction of requirements through application of voluntary or imposed restrictions of use, conservation measures, or development of emergency supplies from previously untapped sources. If the shortage problem is perennial and affects a whole region, the solution may be sought through importation of water from other areas. For example, importation of water has permitted the Los Angeles metropolitan area expansion to continue despite the limitations of available local water resources.

When statements are made that the United States has no water shortage problems, it is understandable that confusion arises about the true situation. We can certainly all agree that all water shortage problems can be solved in some way if the cost of the solution is not too unreasonable. Communities and regions faced with perennial water shortage threats should be aware of their predicament and should be planning to increase their supply of water several years before it will actually be needed. Thus, in analyzing national water shortages it is advisable to examine first the parts of the Nation that are plagued by perennial shortages even though corrective action has kept the problem from becoming acute up to the present. The perennial water situation in southern California is a very real problem to the State which has wisely embarked on a costly State water project to bring water from the Feather River to the watershort area.

Other regions of the United States also have been faced with the threat of perennial water shortages for many years. Continued growth of the economy depends on the availability of adequate water supplies for population, agriculture, and industry. In recognition of this, the Select Committee on National Water Resources was formed in April 1959 to study the national water situation and determine governmental activities required to insure an adequate supply of water for all needs between 1959 and 1980. Under the direction of the select committee several water resource agencies of the Federal Government participated in the study leading to publication of the most comprehensive analysis of the supply-demand situation ever made. The Geological Survey of the Department of the Interior, for example, analyzed and reported on the water supply of the United States in streams and underground. The Survey's water supply statistics by regions were the basis for the comprehensive study of the supply-demand situation prepared for the committee by Dr. Nathaniel Wollman. In his report Wollman emphasized the perennial nature of regional water shortages in an introductory paragraph:

"The United States faces a number of serious water problems whose immediacy and gravity vary from region to region. In some areas they could become quite painful. Although the restraining effects of a limited water supply will soon become more noticeable in various parts of the country, the re

gions in which shortage will be severe have, for the most part, been aware of the fact for some time."

Wollman examined the situation as of 1954, 1980, and 2000 with respect to water supply and demand in the 22 water resource regions defined by the select committee. He postulated that “a region can meet all requirements for water provided its supply is equal to or more than the sum of losses incurred from use plus the amount of flowing water needed for waste dilution in order to assure a specified content of dissolved oxygen in its streams."

The Wollman study showed, for example, that the Upper Rio Grande-Pecos region was as of 1954 in the shortage category in that the average regional water supply was less than the regional water demand and that many appropriation rights for irrigation water could not be satisfied. The summary statistics on the supply-demand situation reported by Wollman are provided in the following table from the report of the Select Committee on National Water Resources (S. Rept. 29, 87th Cong., 1st sess.).

1954

per day

per day

Delaware and Hudson.

32.0

14.8

.63

Chesapeake Bay..

52.0

7.2

1 Consumptive uses or losses for agriculture, mining, manufacturing steam-electric

cost program, except in regions of water shortage, where minimum storage program

In addition to the Rio Grande-Pecos region (in short supply as of 1954), the report shows that four additional regions-Upper Missouri, Colorado, Great Basin, and South Pacific-would be short of supply by 1980, and by the year 2000 the western Great Lakes, upper Arkansas-Red, and western gulf regions would also be in the shortage category.

Droughts may seriously affect normally water-abundant portions of the United States east of the Mississippi River. Because such occurrences, resulting in failure of previously adequate sources to meet the water demands expected of them, are unexpected and may not be anticipated in the planning of waterworks. the effects may be severe. For example, in the southeastern drought of 1954 many small communities were forced to haul water supplies by truck when their normal supply dried up. The current northeastern drought has been associated with water shortages affecting cities ranging in size from small communities of a few hundred people to New York City.

The September 7, 1965, report "Reappraisal of Drought in Northeastern States," prepared by the Water Resources Council for President Johnson, included a summary of community water supply shortages. As reported, water use restrictions were in effect in New York City, Philadelphia, northern New Jersey, and in "some 23 areas outside the Delaware Basin water service area." In terms of the number of people affected by the water shortage the northeastern situation certainly ranks high on the list of important water problem areas. Mr. ROGERS. Mr. Aspinall.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Chairman, thank you for recognizing me at this time. I have read the Secretary's statement in full. I don't know whether you wish to comment on any part of the statement or not, Mr. Carver, but the Secretary has this statement at the bottom of the page, page 1:

Difficult problems face the Nation in providing increased water requirements for recreation and wildlife and in the development of new technology to maintain the quality of water in our lakes and streams, and in preserving the beautiful waterways with which this Nation is endowed.

Is it your understanding that a part of the operation of the Office of Water Resources Research is to study the beautification of waterways?

Mr. CARVER. No, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Is that what the Secretary means here?

Mr. CARVER. I am not able to amplify his statement, Mr. Chairman. I do not have that view myself.

The CHAIRMAN. Some of us go to New York and we like to come down the Hudson and see the fine skyline. Then I suppose there are others who would take the skyline away from New York and would leave only grassy banks and so forth, if possible. As I read this statement I was trying to figure out what the Secretary had in mind as he refers to the beautification program, which all of us support, at least to a certain degree. He brings it into the Office of Water Resources Research.

Mr. CARVER. I am only speculating, but I think the Secretary may have had in mind that research would perhaps enable us to have remaining some areas which would not have to be developed or otherwise committed to some specific use, but I don't know.

The CHAIRMAN. That activity is to be taken care of in the water planning operations.

Mr. CARVER. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. I can't tell from reading through this list of contracts whether we have any contracts directed directly to the beautification of a water channel or not. That is one of the questions I am going to ask Dr. Renne this afternoon.