PREFACE. HIS being the third work on the subject of universal history which the author has given to the public, he has endeavored to make it as comprehensive and as full as space would permit; seeking to make the work take as wide a scope as possible, and endeavoring to dwell in proper proportions on every field of the history of mankind; so as to take in the political, religious, literary and social history of every nation which has had a history during the five thousand years of civilization. Formerly, historians, to their utter reproach, dwelt almost wholly on the political and military affairs of nations; ignoring everything, or almost everything, relating to the religion, science, literature, art and social life of the various nations. In recent times there has been a taste for running into the opposite extreme of unduly expanding everything concerning the life of the people, to the exclusion of a large portion of the national or political history of each people. I have sought to avoid extremes in either direction, endeavoring all the time to preserve a proper mean, not dwarfing any one department of history at the expense of the others. It must be remembered that the great movements of mankind and the general progress of the human race are more connected with their national than with their social history, and that any system which subordinates the former to the latter is false. I, of course, refer to the extreme tendency to dwarf the national history below its proper proportions, or keep it wholly out of view. The political history of nations must constitute the groundwork of historical science. On the other hand, I have steadily endeavored to avoid making this work a mere "drum and trumpet history." I have carefully sought to avoid dwelling mainly upon the civil and military annals of nations. The general condition of each nation in social life, in religion, and in intellectual culture, is fully dwelt upon; so as to enable the reader to obtain an intelligent view of the condition and progress of mankind through the ages. The history of every nation which has had a history is here given. The history of all important ancient nations is related; not only the history of the great empires. The history of the Hebrews, the Phoenicians, the ancient Syrians, Lydia and other kingdoms of Asia Minor, the ancient Ethiopians, the republic of Carthage, the Parthian and New Persian Empires, the ancient Hindoos and the ancient Chinese, is given; as well as the history of Egypt, Chaldæa, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Persia, Greece and Rome. In regard to the general arrangement of the work, the ethnic plan has been followed in giving the ancient history; the history of each ancient nation being fully related. But concerning the mediæval and modern history, the synchronistic plan has been adopted; as the relations of the nations of Europe for the last fourteen centuries have been so inti (iii) 27×492 mately connected that were the full history of each to be separately given, a vast deal of frequent repetition would be constantly necessary. The geographical condition of the various countries is briefly noted, and their physical features are described. An important feature of the work are the historical maps, thirty-nine of which were carefully drawn by the author himself. The political geography of the historical portions of the earth is thus placed before the eye of the reader, so as to enable him to obtain at a glance a knowledge of the political changes which have been going on during five thousand years of history. The numerous illustrations in the work are not simply designed for purposes of embellishment, but are intended for instruction as well. With these few prefatory remarks, these volumes are submitted to an intelligent public. I. S. CLARE. Periods of Egyptian History.-Founding of the First Dynasty at Memphis by Menes.-Contempo- rary Dynasties.-Fourth Dynasty at Memphis and the Great Pyramids.—High Civilization under the Fourth Dynasty.-Contemporary Dynasties.-Five Kingdoms in Egypt.-Great Power of Thebes.— Conquest of Lower Egypt by the Shepherd Kings. -Greatness of Thebes under the Twelfth Dynasty. -The Labyrinth and Lake Moris.-Conquest of Upper Egypt by the Shepherd Kings.-End of the Old Empire.-The Middle Empire under the Shep- herd Kings.-Their Barbarous Rule.-Absence of Records -Expulsion of the Shepherd Kings.- All Egypt United under the New Empire Over a Thousand Years.-Prosperity, Power and High Civilization of Egypt under the Eighteenth, Nine- teenth and Twentieth Dynasties.-Amasis, Amen- set, Thothmes IV.-Great Sphinx.-Amunoph III. and the two Colossi.-Vocal Memnon.-Horus.- Rameses I.-Seti and the Great Hall of Karnak.- Rameses the Great.-Rameseum at Thebes.- Height of Egyptian Art.-Menepta and the Exo- dus.-Rameses III. and the Temple-Palace at Thebes.-His Successors.-Decline of Egypt.- The Priest-Kings.-Temporary Revival under the Twenty-second Dynasty Founded by Sheshonk I.— Disturbed Condition of Egypt under the next two Dynasties.-Conquest of Egypt by Sabaco the Ethiopian.-His Defeat by Sargon of Assyria at Raphia-Assyrian Conquest of the Delta.—Tirha- kah-Assyrian Conquest of Egypt.-Psammeti- of Neko.-Commerce.-Circumnavigation of Af- rica.-Neko Defeated by Nebuchadnezzar of Baby- lon at Carchemish.-Reign of Uahabra.-Egypt Tributary. to Babylon.-Amasis Throws off the Babylonian Supremacy.-Defeat of Psammenitus Origin of the Egyptians.-Their Physical Char- - Science. Skill in the Finer Mechanical Arts.- Egyptian Language. - Art of Writing. - Three Kinds of Writing.-Hieroglyphics and Papyrus.— Discovery of the Rosetta Stone and the Key to the Hieroglyphics.-Dr. Young and Champollion.- Egyptian Custom of Recording Everything in Pictures and Writing.-Sources of our Knowledge of the Ancient Egyptians.-Revelation of Domestic Scenes from the Egyptian Tombs.-Progress in the Arts thus Demonstrated.-High State of Civ- ilization thus Shown.-Curious Scenes.-Egyp tian Dress.-Trades and Occupations.-Stone Cut- ting.-Commerce.-Sculpture and Painting.-Re- ligious Character of Egyptian Art.-The Great Temple-Palace at Medinet-Abu.-Egyptian Tombs. -Custom of Embalming the Dead. —Paintings and Sculpture in the Tombs.- Chambers in the Tombs. EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION, . 89-100 Religious character of the Ancient Egyptians.- Character of their Religion.-Two Kinds of Relig- ion. Three Orders of Gods.-The Eight Gods of the First Order.-Amun.-Kneph.-Phthah. -Khem.-Phrah.-Reason for Two Systems.- Second Order of Gods.-Third Order.-Change in the Third Order.-Typhon.-Myth of Osiris and Isis. Plutarch's Explanations.-Allegorical Mean- ing.-Phthah the Chief God in Lower Egypt.- Amun in Upper Egypt.-Comparison of Amun with Phthah.-Phrah the Life-Giving God.-God's of Upper Egypt.-Comparison of Egypt's Gods with those of Greece.-Local Deities.-Animal Worship.-Sacred Animals.-Sacred Bull, Apis, of Memphis.-Place of Burial.-Animals Sacred in One Place not so in Another Place.-Mummies of Sacred Animals.-Reasons for Animal Worship.- Religious Festivals.-Religious Daily Life of the People.-Priests.-Orders of the Priesthood.- Gloomy Character of the Egyptian Religion.- Egyptian Temples.-Temple of Amun.-Doctrine of the Soul's Immortality.-Transmigration of the Soul.-Comparison with the Hindoo Doctrine.- Reasons for Ornamenting the Egyptian Tombs and The Ancient Ethiopians and their Country.- Cradle of Asiatic History and Civilization.- Ancient Date in Chaldæan History.-Testimony of Origin of Chaldæa.-Dynasties According to Be- Nimrod, Urukh, and Chedorlaomer.-Rawlinson on Chaldæan Civilization.-Chaldæan Architec- ture.-Brick and Bitumen.-Temples.-Dwellings. -Tombs.-Brick Vaults.- Dish-cover Coffins.- Double-jar Coffins.-Sepulchral Mounds.-Drain- age of the Mounds.—Cuneiform Writing.-Clay Tablets.-Legends on Bricks.-Pottery.-Figures on Clay Tablets.-Arms, Implements and Örna- ments.-Implements of Stone and Bronze.-Cloths and Textile Fabrics.-Gem Engraving.-Signet- cylinders and Their Seals and Legends.-Com- merce.-Caravan Trade.—“Ships of Ur."—Articles CHALDEAN COSMOGONY AND RELIGION. 120-132 Chaldæan Account of the Creation as Given by Berosus. Likeness Between Chaldæan and Jewish Sansi, and Gula or Anunit.-Vul or Iva, and Shala Nebo.-Astronomical Character of the Chaldæan stitions. SOURCES OF ASSYRIAN HISTORY, . . . . 139-140 Herodotus and Ctesias.-The Canon of Ptolemy and the Assyrian Canon.-Their Harmony and Authenticity.-Inscriptions on Assyrian Tablets, Bricks, Sculptures.-Chronologies of Berosus and Herodotus. - Disagreement between Herodotus and Ctesias.-Their Respective Ancient and Mod- ern Supporters.-The Fidelity and Accuracy of He- rodotus.-The Temper and Disposition of Ctesias Toward Herodotus.-Herodotus Sustained by the Other Historical Sources.-Origin and Duration Periods of Assyrian History.-Chaldæan Origin of the Assyrians.—First Evidence of Assyrian In- dependence.-Shalmaneser I.-Tiglathi-Nin I.- His Successors.-Mutaggil-Nebo and Asshur-ris- ilim.-Tiglath-Pileser I.-His Wars.-His Restor- ations and Temples.-His Invocation.-Religious Tone of His Inscription.-General Condition of Assyria.-Tiglath-Pileser's War with Babylon.- Rock Tablet of Tiglath-Pileser I.-Asshur-bil-kala and Shamas Vul I.-Obscure Interval.-Asshur- dayan II., Vul-lush II. and Tiglathi-Nin II.-As- shur-izir-pal.-His Wars.-His Edifices.-His Great Palace. His Sculptures.-His Stelæ and Obelisks -Shalmaneser II.-His Wars. -Tribute Taken from Jehu, King of Israel.-His Palace.-The Black Obelisk.-Rebellion of Asshur-danin-pal.— Extent of Assyrian Dominion.-Shamas Vul II.- Vul-lush III.-His Sculptures.-His Wife, Semir- amis.-Pul.-Nabonassar at Babylon.-The Proph et Jonah at Nineveh.-End of the Old Assyrian Empire and Beginning of the New or Lower As- syrian Empire under Tiglath-Pileser II.-His Wars. -Shalmaneser IV.-His Wars.-Siege of Tyre and Samaria. Sargon's Revolt and Usurpation.-His Wars.-Capture of Samaria.-His War with Sa- baco, King of Egypt.-Assyrian Victory at Raphia. -Capture of Ashdod.-Sargon's Other Conquests. -His War with Susiana.-Sargon's Town and Pal- ace. -Sennacherib.-His Wars.-His Victory over the Egyptians and Ethiopians at Altaku.-His War with Hezekiah, King of Judah.-Siege of Je- rusalem.- Submission of Hezekiah.- Sennache- rib's Second Syrian Expedition.-Destruction_of His Army at Pelusium.-Its Effects.-Sennache- rib's War with Susiana.-Babylonian Revolt under Susub.-Susub's Defeat.-Renewed Defection of Babylon.-Sennacherib's Palace at Nineveh.-His vasion of Arabia.-His Conquest of Egypt.-Col- onization of Palestine.-Esar-haddon's Palace at Calah. Asshur - bani - pal.-His Wars.-His Con- quest of Egypt, Tyre, Cilicia and Susiana.-His Relations with Lydia.-His Love of Hunting.— His Literary Tastes.-His Edifices.-His Great Palace at Nineveh.-His Sculptures.-Asshur-bani- pal Known to the Greeks. His Cruelties.--De- cline of Assyria.-Scythian Inroad.-Asshur-emid- ilin, the Last Assyrian King.-Effects of the Scyth- ian Invasion on Assyria.-Čyaxares, King of Media, Attacks Nineveh.-Treachery of Nabopolassar.- Rawlinson on the Character of the Assyrian Empire.-The Assyrians a Semitic Race.-Their Kinship with the Jews.-Resemblances Between the Two Races in Physiognomy, Character, Cus- toms, etc.-Valor of the Assyrians.-Ferocity Tempered by Clemency.-Their Treachery.-Their Pride.-Greek Accounts of their Voluptuousness and Sensuality Exaggerated.-Their Mental Power. -Their Superiority Over the Egyptians.-Their Mental and Physical Vigor.-Assyrian Writing.— Stone Slabs and Clay Cylinders.-Inscribed Bulls and Lions.-Obelisks.-Durability of the Tablets. -Assyrian Bas-reliefs.-Their Varieties.-Mimetic Art.-Painting.-Taste for Display.-Modern Ex- cavations in Assyria.-Description of an Assyrian Palace.-Architecture.-The Present Condition of the Ruins of Nineveh.-Its Walls.-Palaces and Temples on its Mounds.-Ancient Accounts of Nineveh.-Assyrian Warfare.-War Chariots.- Cavalry.-Infantry.-Weapons.-Sieges. - Batter- ing Rams and Movable Towers.- Catapult or Ba- lista.-Treatment of Captives.-Spoils of War.— Despotism.-The Sovereign.-Musical Instruments -Dress.-Food.-Entertainments. -Commerce.- Practical Character of their Arts and Civilization. -Their Architecture Practical.-Their Palaces Su- perior to Their Temples.-Manufactures and the Useful Arts.-Metallurgy.-Mechanical Knowl- Identity of the Assyrian and Chaldæan Relig- ions. Few Differences.-Asshur the Supreme God - |