ature, he returned to Bradford, scattering Dr. Beecher's famous "Six Sermons on Temperance," and other publications. On the 2d of February a meeting was convened, and nine gentlemen organized a society. Other societies followed-in Warrington, in April; in Manchester, in May; in Liverpool, in July; in Leeds, in September; in London, in November.

The first public meeting of the London Temperance Society was held on the 29th of June, 1831. This meeting was addressed by Professor Edgar, of Belfast; Mr. Carr, of New Ross, Ireland; Dr. J. Pye Smith, Rev. Dr. Hewitt, of Connecticut, and others. Dr. Hewitt had been for several an agent of the American Temperance Union, but was enabled by the private liberality of a distinguished friend of the cause to visit England and labor there for the promotion of this great reform. He was received with great kindness, and his labors were crowned with success. At this meeting it was reported that thirty societies had been formed in England, and 100,000 tracts put in circulation.

At a subsequent meeting, at the suggestion of Dr. Hewitt. and others, the field of the society was enlarged, and its name changed from the London Temperance Society to the British and Foreign Temperance Society, that the blessings of this reform might be extended throughout the kingdom and the world. Four monthly temperance periodicals were immediately established-two in London and two in Ireland-besides other publications. Within one year the number of copies published exceeded 1,000,000.

The temperance philanthropists of England were not slow in expressing their indebtedness to America for the temperance enterprise.

"Temperance societies," they say, "have truly made America the NEW WORLD.' They have arisen on our darkness like the morning star of hope, and flash across our Eastern hemisphere with the bright and beauteous radiance of the bow of promise." "It would be ingratitude toward our American friends, were we, in any degree, to throw into the shade the

obligations under which we lie to them for having originated this noble cause. If the names of Washington and others are deservedly dear to them for their struggles in the cause of freedom, there are other names which will descend to the latest posterity as the deliverers of their country from a thraldom more dreadful by far than the thraldom of any foreign yoke." "The object of temperance societies is simple and single; it is but one. The principle is so simple that it was amazing it had escaped the skill, the ingenuity, and the talent of so many centuries, and had remained to be discovered, within the last few years, in one of the northern States of America."

In January, 1832, the "Monthly Herald" started on its career, Rev. G. W. Carr, of New Ross, Ireland, and Mr. W. Cruickshank, of Dundee, agents, the Bishop of London, (Dr. Bloomfield,) patron, etc., etc.

Two things militated against these early societies-the liberal character of the pledge, which excluded only distilled spirits; and the Beer Act of October, 1830, which favored the free use of that article. Beer houses rapidly multiplied, and a great increase of demoralization was every-where apparent.

In Scotland, the Dunfermline Society, in September, 1830, excluded all intoxicants except small beer. Other societies followed, but the more radical ground awakened new opposition.

On the day of the simultaneous meetings of the friends of temperance throughout the world, February 26, 1833, a member of the British House of Commons, Hon. John Wilks. Esq., in the commercial metropolis of the world, said:

Because the

We are met this day, and it is delightful to think of it. great philanthropists of America, throughout the United States, are also met to offer their congratulations and acknowledge their obligations to their divine Master. Hundreds of thousands are this day congregated from their most northern regions to their most southern parts, and we are assembled with them to thank God and take courage. To America we look with honest pride.

I, for one, am glad that we have accepted the invitation of our American brethren, and have assembled with them to offer thanks for the past,

and to resolve that our future attempts shall correspond with the greatness of the evils and the importance of the cause. We feel no jealousy in reference to America; our language is the same; our origin is the same; we sprung from the same parent; our love of liberty is the same; and our divine religion is the same. While, then, our Temperance Societies, and Bible Societies, and Missionary Societies exist, there is a bond of brotherhood between America and us, which no national prejudice or political intrigue can break.

In the town of Preston, in Lancashire, England, total abstinence found its earliest and most stalwart advocates. Mr. Joseph Livesey and John King drew up and signed a pledge of total abstinence from all intoxicating drinks on the 23d of August, 1832. The next month others followed; and in March, 1833, the Preston Society adopted the new pledge.

"The Preston advocates of total abstinence were zealous above all other temperance reformers, and carried their improved version of the temperance principle into all parts of the country. Mr. Livesey, a leader of the band, and whose 'Malt Lecture' was a means of widely commending their views, had become impressed with the delusion of ascribing nourishing and strengthening virtues to malt liquors, by reading Franklin's Autobiography,' where he relates his abstinence from beer when working as a journeyman printer in London, and the advantages he derived from that practice. Mr. Livesey commenced in January, 1834, the publication of the monthly Preston Temperance Advocate,' which advocated the advanced reform, or 'teetotalism,' as it was then commonly called, owing to the public use of the word teetotal' by a laboring man, Richard Turner, in the preceding September, when anxious to express the opinion that only total abstinence would cure the national evil.”

It was at a meeting of this society that a simple, eccentric, but honest and consistent reclaimed drunkard, of the name of Dickie Turner, said, in allusion to the old system, "I'll have now't to do wi' this moderation, botheration pledge. I'll be right down tee-tee-total forever." "Well done!" exclaimed the audience.

"Well done, Dickie!" said Mr. Livesey, the originator of the new society. "That shall be the name of our new pledge." The force of this prefix "tee" will be understood when it is stated that it is sometimes used in Lancashire to express emphasis. A thing irrecoverably lost is said to be "teetotally" lost; or a piece of work finished is said to be "teetotally" finished. From this origin the phrase "teetotal" pledge has gone all over the world.

The "Preston Temperance Advocate" was established to promote this new phase of the enterprise, and issued a stirring address to the drunkards of Great Britain, which was signed by thirty mechanics, all of whom had been drunkards.

The effects of this movement were described as 66 numerous, extensive, and happy."

In July, 1834, more than 150,000 persons in Great Britain had been organized into temperance societies. The Report of the American Temperance Society on the immorality of the laws which license the sale of ardent spirits had been reprinted in that country, and a copy of it was given to every member of Parliament. A committee had also been appointed by the House of Commons to inquire into the extent, cause, and consequences of drunkenness, in order to ascertain whether any legislative measures could be taken to prevent the continuance and spread of this great national evil. This committee, with power to send for persons and papers, were in session more than twenty days, and obtained answers from various individuals to more than 4,000 questions, and rendered to Parliament a long and able report, which was printed and extensively circulated.

The chairman of that committee, Hon. James Silk Buckingham, writing under date of January 1, 1835, said: "The cause of temperance has advanced more rapidly in Britain within the last year than in any ten years preceding. The number of societies has nearly doubled, and the number of members increased in a still greater proportion. Above all, the two extremes of society-the very rich and the very poor-have been