States and the Canadas. The "Union " which had been contemplated was effected. .Arrangements were made for the establishment of a National Temperance paper at Philadelphia, and January 15, 1837, the first number of the "Journal of the American Temperance Union," a monthly quarto of 16 pages, was issued, under the editorial supervision of Rev. John Marsh. The first anniversary of the "Union" was held in New York city in May, 1837; the second, in Philadelphia, May, 1838; the third, in Boston, May, 1839.

DR. EDWARDS TO THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

Early in 1836, in a letter to the King and Crown-Prince of Prussia, written in the hope of extending the temperance reformation in Germany, Dr. Edwards says:

The number of temperance societies formed in this country is more than 7,000, and the number of persons who have united with them more than 1,250,000. More than 3,000 distilleries have been stopped, and more than 7,000 merchants have abandoned the traffic in spirituous liquors. More than 1,000 vessels sail from our port in which no such liquors are used; and more than 10,000 persons who, a few years ago, were drunkards, now use no intoxicating drink. They are all sober men; many of them are industrious, respectable, and useful; and not a few of them truly pious men. In those parts of the country in which these societies are most general, industry, economy, morality, and religion have been greatly revived; sickness and mortality have been much diminished, and pauperism and crime have been almost entirely done away.

REVIEW OF DR. EDWARDS' LABORS.

Rev. Dr. Edwards closed his seven years' service in connection with the American Society for the Promotion of Temper

The following officers were elected:

President: Hon. John H. Cocke, of Virginia.

Vice-Presidents: Hon. Matthew Newkirk, of Pennsylvania; Hon. Samuel Hubbard, of Massachusetts; Hon. Lewis Cass, of Michigan; Rev. Bishop Stuart, of Lower Canada; Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey; Hon. Reuben H. Walworth, of New York; Hon. Robert Lucas, of Ohio, and Hon. Robert P. Dunlap, of Maine.

Executive Committee: Edward C. Delevan and John W. Leavitt, of New York; Isaac Collins and Isaac H. Loyd, of Pennsylvania; John Tappan, of Massachusetts; Christian Keever, of Maryland, and John T. Norton, of Connecticut.

Secretaries: Rev. John Marsh and Lynden A. Smith,

ance, as its Corresponding Secretary and Agent, in the spring of 1836. To his wise and efficient management, weight of character, and continuous labors, more than can ever be fully estimated, was the great advance in the cause of reform in these years due. The annual reports of this society, written by Dr. Edwards, were exceedingly able, weighty, and timely, comprising valuable data, opinions, and discussions, focusing and leading public sentiment, and affording available matter for the use of the advocates of the reform. They were collected and published in an octavo volume, under the appropriate title of "Permanent Temperance Documents."

Of the first three Temperance Documents, or parts of them, 325,000 copies had been put into circulation before the fourth was issued; and when subsequent parts were added, vigorous efforts were made to supply the volume to "every preacher, lawyer, physician, magistrate, officer of government, secretary of a temperance society, teacher of youth, and educated young man throughout the United States; and also to send a copy of it to foreign missionaries and distinguished philanthropists in all parts of the world." The substance of these documents was issued as a "Temperance Manual for Young Men of the United States," and it was also printed by the American Tract Society in German and in French. Rev. Robert Baird, D. D., then in Europe, actively engaged in its circulation in Germany and France.

When Dr. Edwards retired, he became president of the Andover Theological Seminary. Rev. John Marsh, D.D., was his legitimate successor, as the chief agent in carrying forward and directing the Temperance Reformation.

The following eulogy upon Dr. Edwards, by John Tappan., Esq., almost thirty years closely associated with him in reformatory and religious labors, deserves a place in these annals:

I was placed on the committee of the American Temperance Society with Dr. Edwards, at its formation, in 1826, and acted with him during the whole of the period of his agency, and continued on the committee with him until the close of his life. In forming its constitution, conduct

ing its correspondence, employing its agents, attending conventions, drawing resolutions as chairman of the business committees, in nearly all the public meetings, in the Capitol at Washington, and the capitals of most of the States of the Union, he was the pivot on which all moved. His gentleness of manner, "speaking the truth in love," disarmed opponents, and the light he threw upon the subject in debate, convinced and made friends of those who came to oppose. Never was there a more lovely exhibition of Christian character than was displayed by him in conducting this great movement, from its earliest inception to its all-pervading influence through this and other lands.

With the same singleness of purpose he afterward engaged in efforts for the promotion of the better observance of the Sabbath, and there, also, his influence extended over our land.

The present generation have lost a leader who lived what he taught, and whose record is on high. Never has a brighter combination of wisdom in council, energy in action, and humility in life shone forth than in our revered friend; and to have so often met him, in prayerful consultation and familiar intercourse, during a period of thirty years, has been one of the highest privileges of my life.

Dr. Charles Jewett, long intimately associated with Dr. Edwards,' said of him:

To his personal efforts, more than to those of any other man, or score of men, was the reform indebted for the forms it took, and the influence it exerted in New England up to the year 1837. He was one of the wisest men in council I ever knew, and there were never any deductions to be made from his influence or labors, on account of rashness, crudeness, or ill-temper. In all his labor, as a reformer, I presume no man was ever prejudiced against the cause or its advocates by any injudicious or unkind word of his.

REV. JOHN PIERPONT.

Another conspicuous actor in this period was Rev. John Pierpont, pastor of Hollis Street Unitarian Church, Boston. Pierpont was a scholar, a poet, and a true logician. He had a rare faculty of so grouping facts that the logical sequence would be seen at a glance. He had a sharp contest with the distillers,

1 Dr. Edwards died July 23, 1853.

importers, and wholesale liquor dealers in his congregation. In his public discourses elsewhere, he freely expressed his opinions against the entire system of making, selling, and drinking intoxicating liquors. Some of his people, largely engaged in the business, and possessed of immense wealth, resolved to compel

him to vacate his pulpit. Charges were trumped up seriously affecting his character, and the matter, in due form, came before a council. Against these atrocious charges Mr. Pierpont was fully vindicated, and his reputation remained untainted. But the case awakened great attention as an illustration of the malice and vindictiveness of the rum

REV. JOHN PIERPONT

party against a faithful man and earnest spirited minister.

Rev. Thomas P. Hunt was widely known in a large section of the country, chiefly from Pennsylvania southward, as a conspicuous and effective temperance lecturer. A native of Virginia, and a graduate of Hampden Sidney College, he studied theology under Rev. Drs. Moses Hodge and John B. Rice. Dr. Rice was a man of advanced temperance ideas, and persuaded Mr. Hunt, that, when licensed to preach, he would improve all proper occasions to preach against intemperance. When the National Temperance Society was organized, Mr. Hunt was already laboring in this cause. In 1830, he accepted

the offer of Agent for the State Temperance Society of North Carolina. His labors were diversified, but very acceptable and successful until impaired health compelled him to desist. He

was widely known as "The Drunkard's Friend," and "The Liquor Seller's Vexation." To sustain himself in his declaration in regard to the frauds of the liquor traffic, which were incredible to many, and had been pronounced slanderous by the dealers, he sent to London and obtained brewers' guides, dis tillers' and wine-makers' receipt books, from which he ex

posed with telling effect the secrets of the infernal machinery of drunkard-making.

REV. GEORGE B. CHEEVER, D. D.,

was another able and effective champion of this cause. In 1835, while a young man, pastor of a church in Salem, Mass., he published a "dream," entitled "Deacon Giles' Distillery," which was a masterly exposé of the character and influence of the liquor business. A certain deacon, who was a distiller, and sold Bibles in his distillery, had a relative drowned in one of his vats; and a son, who had been very intemperate, thinking that he was the object of the satire, resorted to a process at law. The personal and legal attacks to which Mr. Cheever was subjected called forth a considerable amount of childish whining from timid men, and scores of apologies from the over-prudent.