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RULE 3. Quoted Paragraphs.-When a number of quoted paragraphs come in succession, the inverted commas precede each, but the closing quotation marks follow the last paragraph only.

Remark. When a quotation is made the marks should enclose the punctuation marks as well as the words.

Notice the difference in the following:

1. His remark was, "Why must you go?"

2. Was his remark, "Must you go" or "Will you go"?

The first sentence embraces a quoted question; the second is a question itself, and therefore ends with the interrogation point. Note.—Authors sometimes put words or phrases used in illustration in quotation marks; as, "in' and 'into' are closely related."

GENERAL EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary :

1. Socrates said The soul is immortal

2. Socrates said that the soul is immortal

3. A drunkard once reeled up to Whitfield with the remark Mr. Whitfield, I am one of your converts I think it very likely was the reply for I am sure you are none of God's

4. Knowledge is power says the great Lord Bacon

5. See said Addison on his death-bed to a profligate young nobleman see in what peace a Christian can die

6. The world says Shakespeare is still deceived with ornament 7. One of Jefferson's rules is this

Never spend your money until you have it

8. Why did you not say You must not go

9. He exclaimed Oh the wretch

10. Then said he Lo I come.

11. His remark was It was Emerson that wrote Self-trust is the essence of heroism

12. These were Longfellow's words

Life is real life is earnest

And the grave is not the goal
Dust thou art to dust returnest
Was not spoken of the soul.

THE HYPHEN (-).

The Hyphen is used chiefly to connect words; as, stock-man.

In the formation of compound words the hyphen. should be used between the parts of the compound so long as each of these parts retains its own accent; thus, rose'-tree'; milk'ing-stool'. The hyphen is retained also in temporary compounds; as, cloudcapped, health-destroying. When, however, the accent is placed upon but one part of the compound, or the compound is one that has become permanent, the hyphen is not used; as, blackboard, penman, batsman. The hyphen is used also to indicate the division of a word at the end of a line.

In dividing words syllables should never be broken, but the words should be separated by closing the line with a full syllable and a hyphen, and beginning the next line with the next syllable.

Note 1.-The hyphen is sometimes used to indicate the divisions of a word; as, ma-nip-u-late.

Note 2.-The hyphen is used also to distinguish words spelled alike, but of different meaning and pronunciation; as, re-creation, recreation.

Note 3.-The hyphen may be used also to separate two adjacent vowels that do not form a diphthong; as co-operate, pre-existent, though the diæresis is sometimes used for this purpose, as in coöperate.

The simplest rules with regard to the division of words into syllables are the following:

1. Join consonants to the vowels whose sounds they modify; as, an-i-ma-tion, as-tron-o-my.

2. Let prefixes and suffixes form distinct syllables when it can be done without misrepresenting the pronunciation; as, im-print-ing, re-ject-ed, di-rect-or.

be divided.

OTHER MARKS.

The following are the most important of the remaining marks used in printed discourse. Some of them are used wholly by printers, and the others are mostly so used:

Brackets [] are used to enclose some word or words necessary to correct an error or afford an explanation ; as, "They [the Puritans] came direct from Holland."

Note 1.-Brackets are used in dictionaries and similar works to enclose the pronunciation or etymology of a word; as, Belles Lettres [běl lětr].

Note 2.-Brackets are used also in dramas, etc. to enclose directions to the players.

The Apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of letters or figures. It is used—

1. To form contractions; as, don't, for do not; isn't, for is not; o'er, for over.

2. To form plurals; as, 6's, +'s, s's, instead of 6es, +es, ses.

3. To indicate the possessive form of the noun; as, king's, widow's, etc., the old form having been kyngis, widdowes, etc.

4. To indicate in the case of dates the century figures; as, '74 for 1874.

The Ellipsis [

-], [***], [....], is used where letters or words have been omitted; as, Gen. G*** t, for Gen. Grant; or Mr. B-e, for Mr. Boone.

The Section [§] denotes the small divisions of a book or a chapter.

The Paragraph [T], now rarely used, denotes the beginning of a paragraph or new subject.

Mr. Peters

thing is to be inserted; as, " Our friend has concluded to remain."

Λ

The Index [] is used to point out something special.

The Brace [] is used to connect two or more terms

with another term; as, Students (Boys, 29.

Girls, 40.

The Ditto Mark [*] is used to indicate that the words above are to be repeated; as,

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Note. It is not, however, correct to use the ditto mark in the repetition of names of persons. Thus it is incorrect to writeJohn S. Thomas

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The latter name should be written in full.

The Asterism [***] calls attention to a particular passage.

The Cedilla, placed under the letter c [], gives it the sound of s, as in façade.

The Tilde [~], placed over the letter n, shows that n is equivalent to n and y, as cañon (canyon).

The Diæresis ["], placed over the latter of two vowels, shows that they belong to different syllables, as in zoology.

The Macron [-], placed over a vowel, shows that it has the long sound, as a in ale.

The Breve [], placed over a vowel, shows that it has the short sound, as a in măn.

The Asterisk [*], the Dagger [†], the Double Dagger [], the Section [§], the Parallel [||], and the Paragraph [¶], are generally used to refer to mar

ginal notes. Sometimes letters of the alphabet or figures are used for the same purpose.

Leaders are dots used to carry the eye from words at the beginning of the line to something at the end of it, usually the number of the page; as,

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The Title-page of a book is the page which contains. the title of the book; it is usually the first page.

Running Titles, or Headlines, are placed at the tops of the successive pages, and are used to show the name of the book or the subject, or both. They are sometimes printed in italic capitals, as in this work.

Captions, or Subheads, are headings placed over chapters or sections; they stand in the body of the page, not at the top.

Side-heads are titles run into the line or made a part of it.

A Frontispiece is a picture placed opposite the title-page and facing it.

A Vignette is a small picture, not occupying a full page, but placed among other matter either on the titlepage or in any other part of the book.

In preparing manuscript for printing, one line should be drawn under such words as are to be put in italics; two lines under such as are to be printed in SMALL CAPITALS; and three lines under such as are to be printed in CAPITALS. A waved line (~~) indicates bold type.

In the English Bible words printed in italics are not found in the original, but are supplied by the translators to complete the meaning.

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