manding in his Journal 270,000 heads, he openly avowed and boasted of that demand, and declared that he should call for many more if those were not yielded to him. During the long struggle of the Mountain party and the Girondists, his conduct was that of a maniac. The establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, and of the committee for arresting the suspected, was adopted on his motions. On the approach of May 31 (see Jacobins), as president of the Jacobin club, he signed an address instigating the people to an insurrection, and to massacre all traitors. Even the Mountain party denounced this measure, and Marat was delivered over to the revolutionary tribunal, which acquitted him; the people received him in triumph, covered him with civic wreaths, and conducted him to the hall of the convention. July 13, 1793, his bloody career was closed by assassination. (See Corday, Charlotte.) Proclaimed the martyr of liberty, he received the honors of an apotheosis, and his remains were placed in the Pantheon. It was not till some time after the dispersion of the Jacobins, that the busts of this monstrous divinity were broken, and his ashes removed, and then it was as a royalist that he suffered this disgrace.

MARATHON; a village of Greece, in Attica, about 15 miles N. E. of Athens, celebrated by the victory gained over the Persians by Miltiades, 490 B. C. (See Miltiades.)

MARATTAS. (See Mahratlas.)

MARATTI, Carlo, painter and engraver, born at Camerino, in the marquisate of Ancona, in 1626, while a child, amused himself with painting all sorts of figures drawn by himself on the walls of his father's house. In his 11th year, he went to Rome, studied the works of Raphael, of the Caracci, and of Guido Reni, in the school of Sacchi, and formed himself on their manner. His Madonnas were particularly admired. Louis XIV employed him to paint his celebrated picture of Daphne. Clement IX, whose portrait he painted, appointed him overseer of the Vatican gallery. He died at Rome in 1713. We are much indebted to him for the preservation of the works of Raphael, in the Vatican, and of the Caracci in the Farnese palace. He also erected monuments to those masters in the church della Rotonda. As an artist, Maratti deserves the title given him by Richardson, of the last painter of the Roman school. His design was correct, and although he was not a creative genius, he showed him

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self a successful imitator of his great predecessors. His composition was good, his expression pleasing, his touch judicious, and his coloring agreeable. was acquainted with history, architecture and perspective, and used his knowledge skilfully in his pictures. The good taste which prevails in all his works is remarkable. His chief works are in Rome. He also etched successfully, among other things, the life of Mary, in 10 parts. Chiari, Berettoni and Passori were his pupils. MARAVEDIE, or MARVADIS; a small Spanish copper coin, of about the value of three mills.

MARBLE, in common language, is the name applied to all sorts of polished stones, employed in the decoration of monuments and public edifices, or in the construction of private houses; but among the materials thus made use of, it is necessary to distinguish the true marbles from those stones which have no just title to such a designation. In giving a short but universal character of marble, it may be said, that it effervesces with dilute nitric acid, and is capable of being scratched with fluor, while it easily marks gypsum. These properties will separate it, at once, from the granites, porphyries and silicious pudding-stones, with which it has been confounded, on one side, and from the gypseous alabaster on the other. From the hard rocks having been formerly included under the marbles, comes the adage, "hard as marble." Marbles have been treated of, under various divisions, by different writers. The most frequent division has been that of two great sections-primitive marbles, which have a brilliant or shining fracture, and secondary marbles, or those which are possessed of a dull fracture. This classification has grown out of the idea that the former class was more anciently created-an opinion which the deductions of geology, for the most part, sufficiently confirm, though occasionally we find a marble of a compact and close texture, in old rocks, and, on the other hand, those which are highly crystalline, in very recent formations. Daubenton has founded a classification of marbles upon the colors which they present; those of a uniform color forming one class; those with two colors, another; those with three shades. a third; and so on. The best classification of these substances, however, is that of M. Brard, which divides all marbles into seven varieties or classes, viz. 1. marbles of a uniform color, comprehending solely those which are either white or black

2. variegated marbles, or those in which the spots and veins are interlaced and disposed without regularity; occasionally, this variety embraces traces of organic remains; when these are disposed in star-like masses, they are sometimes called madrepore marbles: 3. shell marbles, or those which are, in part, made up of shells: 4. lumachelli marbles, or those which are, apparently, wholly formed of shells: 5. cipolin marbles, or those which are veined with green talc: 6. breccia marbles, or those which are formed of angular fragments of different marbles, united by a cement of some different color: 7. pudding-stone marbles, or those which are formed of reunited fragments, like the breccia marbles, only with the difference of having the pebbles rounded, in place of being angular. Before speaking of the localities of the foregoing classes of marbles, we shall allude to the ancient or antique marbles, by which is understood those kinds made use of by the ancients, the quarries of which are now, for the most part, exhausted or unknown.-Parian marble. Its color is snow-white, inclining to yellowish-white; it is fine, granular, and, when polished, has somewhat of a waxy appearance. It hardens by exposure to the air, which enables it to resist decomposition for ages. Diponus, Scyllis, Malas and Micciades, employed this marble, and were imitated by their successors. It receives, with accuracy, the most delicate touches of the chisel, and retains for ages, with all the softness of wax, the mild lustre even of the original polish. The finest Grecian sculpture which has been preserved to the present time, is generally of Parian marble; as the Medicean Venus, the Diana Venatrix, the colossal Minerva (called Pallas of Velletri), Ariadne (called Cleoputra), and Juno (called Capitolina). It is also Parian marble on which the celebrated tables at Oxford are inscribed.-Pentelican marble, from mount Pentelicus, near Athens, resembles, very closely, the preceding, but is more compact and finer granular. At a very early period, when the arts had attained their full splendor, in the age of Pericles, the preference was given, by the Greeks, not to the marble of Paros, but to that of mount Pentelicus, because it was whiter, and also, perhaps, because it was found in the vicinity of Athens. The Parthenon was constructed entirely of Pentelican marble. Among the statues of this marble in the royal museum at Paris, are the Torso, a Bacchus in repose, a Paris, the throne of Saturn, and the

tripod of Apollo.-Carrara marble is of a beautiful white color, but is often traversed by gray veins, so that it is difficult to procure large blocks wholly free from them. It is not subject to turn yellow, as the Parian. This marble, which is almost the ouly one used by modern sculptors, was also quarried and wrought by the ancients. Its quarries are said to have been opened in the time of Julius Cæsar.-Red antique marble (rosso antico of the Italians; Egyptium of the ancients). This marble, according to antiquaries, is of a deep blood-red color, here and there traverse. by veins of white, and, if closely inspected, appears to be sprinkled over with minute white dots, as if it were strewed with sand. Another variety of this marble is of a very deep red, without veins, of which a specimen may be seen in the Indian Bacchus, in the royal museum of Paris.-Green antique marble (verde antico of the Italians), is an indeterminate mixture of white marble and green serpentine. It was known to the ancients under the name marmor Spartanum, or Lacedæmonium. -African breccia marble (antique African breccia). It has a black ground, in which are imbedded fragments or portions of a grayish-white, of a deep red, or of a purple wine color. This is said to be one of the most beautiful marbles hitherto found, and has a superb effect when accompanied with gilt ornaments. Its native place is not known with certainty; it is conjectured to be Africa. The pedestal of Venus leaving the bath, and a large column, both in the royal museum in Paris, are of this marble.

Marbles of the U. States. Although the U. States are known to be rich in marbles, hitherto very little pains have been taken to explore them. The quarries of Pennsylvania, which are distant about 20 miles from Philadelphia, afford a handsome veined or clouded primitive marble. Very fine specimens have been obtained from these quarries. A very similar variety is quarried, also, in Thomaston, Maine. Of black marble, resembling the Irish luculite, the quarry at Shoreham, Vermont, furnishes the chief supply consumed in the U. States. This deposit exists directly upon the borders of lake Champlain, so as to allow the blocks, which may be obtained of any size desired, to be lifted directly from the quarry into boats, for transporta tion. The greatest part of it, however, is carried to Middlebury, 15 miles from the lake, to be sawn and polished, before it is shipped. The town of Middlebury yields a handsome white and clouded granular

marble; but the largest portion of the dove-colored marble wrought in that place, comes from the neighboring town of Pittsford. The towns of Great Barrington and Sheffield produce a very handsome dove-colored marble; that of the former place, in particular, wrought under the direction of Mr. Leavenworth, is certainly the most delicately shaded marble of its kind in the U. States. The annual product of his establishment amounts to about $10,000 per annum. The white marbles of Connecticut and New York are highly granular, and, in general, are too slightly coherent in the aggregation of their particles, to be employed in constructions which are exposed to the weather; besides, they are often contaminated with crystals and fibres of tremolite. The verd antique of New Haven is the rarest and most beautiful marble yet discovered in the U. States. It consists of an intermixture of white marble and green serpentine, though its most beautiful stains of green and yellowish-green, come directly from the oxides of chrome and iron, which are everywhere disseminated through it. While the quarries were open, it was much used for the construction of chimney-pieces, as well as for slabs for tables and sideboards, and other articles of in-door ornamental furniture. It was also employed, but with very bad taste, and still worse judgment, for sepulchral, monuments; since its gay colors were ill suited to so grave an application, and its metallic ingredients, from the action of the weather, soon caused it to part with its polish and become dull. The quarries, though judged inexhaustible, have long since been abandoned, from the expensiveness with which they are wrought, and the very limited demand which exists in this country for articles of mere decoration. Variegated and shell marbles exist, in considerable quantities, in the Western States; and a very handsome puddingstone marble is found in Maryland, at the foot of the Blue Ridge, on the banks of the Potomac, 50 or 60 miles above Washington; its colors are very various and striking, and it has been largely made use of in the construction of the columns in the interior of the capitol at Washington. MARBLEHEAD; a post-town of Essex county, Massachusetts, situated on a peninsula extending more than three miles into Massachusetts bay, and varying in breadth from one to two miles. It is four and a half miles south-east of Salem, and 16 northeast of Boston Lat. 42° 32′ N.; lon. 70°

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51' W.: population in 1810, 5800 ; in 1820, 5630; in 1830, 5150. The town is compactly built, but the streets are crooked and irregular. It contains five houses for public worship, and a custom-house; a printing-office issues a weekly newspaper. The harbor, a mile long and half a mile wide, is very safe, except from northeast storms. Marblehead was settled very soon after Salem, by a number of fisher men, and the inhabitants have been principally devoted to the Bank fisheries. In this business, it has greatly excelled all the other towns in America. Previous to the revolution, it was very flourishing; it paid a larger tax, and was supposed to have more inhabitants, than any town in the state, except Boston. It suffered very severely by the war of the revolution, and again by the last war. At the close of the war in 1814, no less than 500 of its sons were in foreign prisons. The situation of Marblehead is such, that the people of the vicinity never travel through it to arrive at any other town. Thus secluded, the inhabitants have acquired a distinctive character, and a peculiar dialect. The harbor is defended by fort Sewall, which stands on a point of land near the entrance, and is one of the best forts in the country. It has two 24-pounders, and ten 18-pounders. The barracks are bomb-proof, and can accommodate a garrison of about 60 or 70

men.

MARBOD, OF MAROBODUUS. (See Marcomanni, and Arminius.)

MARBOIS, François, marquis of BarbéMarbois, a French minister and diplomatist, was born at Metz in 1745, where his father was director of the mint. After finishing his education, the young Marbois became tutor to the children of De Castries, minister of marine, through whose good offices he obtained a post in the French legation to the U. States, during our revolution. De la Luzerne (q. v.) was then the French minister in this country, but Marbois was the principal agent in the most important operations of the embassy On the return of that minister to France (1784) M. Marbois continued in the country as chargé d'affaires. He was afterwards appointed intendant (governor) of St. Domingo, and having returned to France in 1791, was immediately sent by Louis, as his ambassador to the German diet. Marbois had hitherto taken no part in the revolutionary events, but in 1795 was chosen a member of the council of elders, and in the struggle between the directory and the councils, having defended the latter, he was, with a number of his

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colleagues, condemned to deportation to Cayenne. After remaining two years and a half in exile, he received permission to return, and was nominated by the first consul counsellor of state, and, in 1801, secretary of the treasury, which was erected into a ministry. In consequence of some unsuccessful operations, he was removed in 1806, but was made grand-officer of the legion of honor and count of the empire. In 1808, he was made president of the cour des comptes, and was now a declared admirer of the emperor. In 1813, his expressions of devotion to the imperial government had introduced him into the senate, and in the next year, his name was found among the first to vote for the deposal of Napoleon. Louis XVIII created him peer of France, and confirmed him in the presidency of the cour des comptes. During the hundred days, Napoleon refused to see a man whom he accused of ingratitude. In 1815, the second restoration conferred on him the dignity of keeper of the seals. Although M. Barbé-Marbois defended the erection of the prevotal courts, he was not willing to go the whole length of the ultraroyalism of the period, and, in 1816, was obliged to surrender his port-folio, and was, soon after, created marquis. Since this period, he has taken a liberal stand in politics. Among his works, besides some agricultural essays, and some productions in polite literature, we may mention his Essai sur les Finances de St.-Dominique; Essai de Morale; Complot d'Arnold (Account of Arnold's Conspiracy, 1816); Histoire de la Louisiane et de la Cession de cette Colonie (1829), a translation of which has been published in the U. States.

MARBURG; capital of Upper-Hesse, in Hesse-Cassel, situated on the Lahn, with a population of 6700 inhabitants, a castle, and a university. It is built on the declivity of a hill, on the summit of which is the castle. It has five Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist churches. The university was founded in 1527, and has an excellent library of over 100,000 volumes, a valuable botanical garden, an anatomical theatre, and other institutions connected with it. In 1829, the number of students was 347. It is remarkable as being the first Protestant university founded in Ger

a youth, became a great proficient in the science of music, in consequence, it is said, of a reflection thrown upon his deficiency in that respect, at a concert given by his brother Alessandro, which hurt his pride, and stimulated him to exertion. He afterwards studied under Gasparini, and, receiving a liberal education, distinguished himself as a poet, as well as a musician. In 1716, a serenata of his composition was performed at the celebration of the birth of the first son of the emperor Charles VI, and excited great applause. Eight years after appeared the first four volumes of his adaptation to music of Giustiniani's Paraphrase of the Psalms, which he afterwards completed in eight more, the whole being published in 1726. Garth, of Durham, has adapted suitable words, from the English translation of the Psalms, to Marcello's music, with a view to their being performed as anthems in the cathedrals, with great sucThis elaborate work was printed by subscription, in eight folio volumes. Marcello was successively a member of the council of forty, provveditore of Pola, end chamberlain of Brescia, in which city he died in 1739.

cess.

MARCELLUS, M. Claudius; the first Roman general who successfully encounter ed Hannibal, in the second Punic war During his consulship (B. C. 223) he had given the greatest proofs of his valor, in a single combat with Viridomarus, a Gallic chief, whom he slew; the Gauls, discouraged by the loss of their leader, fled before an inferior Roman force. The result of this victory was the complete conquest of Upper Italy. Marcellus received the honor of a triumph, as the decree of the senato expressed it, for his victory over the Insubri and Germans. This is the first time that the Germans are mentioned in the Roman history, and the last mention we have of a personal contest between generals. Soon after this, the second Punic war broke out, and, after the fatal battle of Caune, he was sent against Hannibal; and, as prætor, took the command of the troops remaining at Canusium, in the room of Terentius Varro. On receiving information of Hannibal's march to Nola. he hastened to anticipate him, threw himself into the city, and forced the Carthaginians to retreat, with a loss. Hanniba. made a second attack upon Nola, and, as the place was untenable, Marcellus resolved to risk a general engagement on the open plain. His army was inferior in point of numbers, but had the advantage of longer spears. After a hard-fought battle, Hannibal was driven to his camp.

Marcellus was now chosen consul, with the celebrated Fabius Maximus Cunctator for his colleague. He frustrated a third attempt of Hannibal to regain the city of Nola, and again offered him battle, which the latter declined. His activity was interrupted for a time by disease. He afterwards went to his province of Sicily, where the siege of Syracuse was his most remarkable achievement. After having used every means (B. C. 214) to capture by force that city, which was defended by the mechanical ingenuity of Archimedes, he limited himself to a blockade, and frustrated all the efforts of the Carthaginians to relieve it, and succeeded, partly by artifice, and partly by force, in making himself master of the place (B. C. 212). The city was surrendered unconditionally, and he was unable to save it from pillage, but he gave orders that no Syracusan should be put to death. Many of the inhabitants, however, and among them Archimedes, were killed in the heat of victory. Marcellus was filled with regret on account of the death of Archimedes, granted many privileges to his connexions, and caused him to be buried with much pomp. After having reduced the greater part of the island, and gained a complete victory over the Carthaginians, he returned to Rome, and received the honor of an ovation. He was again made consul (B. C. 211), with M. Valerius Lavinius, and again received the command in Sicily. But the Syracusans sent ambassadors to Rome to complain of his cruelty, and pray for another general. Marcellus was acquitted, but he voluntarily exchanged provinces and remained in Italy. The Syracusans afterwards repented of their conduct, and entreated his forgiveness. He pardoned them, and procured them the restoration of their former privileges, and the honor of being considered as allies of Rome. As a inark of gratitude, they declared themselves the clients of the Marcellian family. In the mean time, Marcellus carried on the war against Hannibal in Italy, and fought an undecisive battle at Numistrum. In the succeeding year, he was defeated by Hannibal at Canusium; but, having rallied the fugitives, and inspired them with fresh courage, he renewed the contest on the following day, and gained the victory, though with a heavy 10SS. B. C. 209, he was chosen consul the fifth time, with T. Quintius Crispinus. The two consuls united their forces on the Liris, but Hannibal avoided giving battle. The Romans, preparing to encamp upon a neighboring hill, were suddenly surround

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ed; they would, however, have been able to cut their way through, had not the Etrurians, who composed the largest part of the cavalry, immediately surrendered. Marcellus himself fell; his son and the other consul escaped. Thus died this great general, who made himself formidable to Hannibal himself. He was called the sword, as Fabius was the shield, of Rome. Hannibal took the ring from his finger, and caused the body to be burnt with the most distinguished honors, and sent the ashes to his son, in a costly urn. His family continued to flourish, and furnished many consuls, until it became extinct with the son of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, whom Virgil has immortalized.

MARCH (Latin Mars); originally the first month of the Roman year; so named, according to tradition, by Romulus in honor of his father, Mars. Till the adoption of the new style in England (1752), the 25th of March was new year's day; hence January, February, and the first 24 days of March have frequently two years appended, as January 1, 1703, or 1701–2. (See Calendar.)

MARCH; a movement by regular steps in the manner of soldiers; also a journey performed by a body of soldiers either on foot or on horseback. Soldiers on a march are subject to certain rules very necessary to keep them in good order, and fit to meet the enemy. The march in the first sense of regular step differs on different occasions. In the parade-march, from 75 to 95 steps, differing in different armies, are made in a minute; in the quick-march, from 108 to 115 steps; and in the stormingmarch, 120 steps, in the Prussian army.March further signifies the music composed for such movements; it is composed inor & time for the parade-march, and in*g for quick-time. There are many sorts of such marches for festivals, funerals, &c., varying according to their different purposes.

lts

MARCHE; one of the ancient provinces of France, bounded north by Berry and the Bourbonnais, east by Auvergne, and south by Guienne and Limousin. name is derived from its having been on the frontier of these provinces, and it was often called Marche du Limousin. In the middle ages, it had, for some time, its own sovereign counts. Philippe le Bel acquied it by confiscation. It afterwards belonged to the house of Armagnac, and that of Bourbon-Montpensier. finally united it with the crown domains. (See Department.)

Francis

MARCHES (from the Middle Latin, mar