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387. Cadence-means a descent, or fall of the voice: here, it means the proper manner of closing a sentence. In the preceding examples, the pupil sees how it is made. The best cadence, that which rests most pleasantly on the ear, is the fall of a triad; i. e. a regular gradation of three notes from the prevalent pitch of voice; which is generally the fourth or fifth: tho' different voices are keyed on different pitches: hence, each must be governed by his own peculiarities in this respect. Beware of confounding cadence with inflections; and never end a sentence with a feeble and depressed utterance. Tho' nature-weigh our talents, and dispense, To every man, his modicum of sense, Yet-much-depends, as in the tiller's toil, On culture, and the sowing of the soil. The brave man-is not he, who feels no fear, For that were stupid-and irrational ;— But he, whose noble soul his fear subdues, And bravely dares the danger, which he He holds no parly with unmanly fears; Where duty bids, he confidently steers; Faces a thousand dangers at her call, And trusting in his God, surmounts them all. What is life?

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'Tis not to stalk about, and draw in fresh air,
From time to time, or gaze upon the sun;
'Tis to be FREE.

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Laconies. 1. No change in external appearance, can alter that, which is radically wrong. 2. Seize an opportunity, when it presents itself; if once lost, it may never be regained. 3. Vicious men, endeavor to impose on the world, by assuming a semblance of virtue, to conceal their bad habits, and evil propensities. 4. Beware of selflove, for it hardens the heart, and shuts the mind to all that is good and true. 5. The excessive pleasure one feels-in talking of himself, ought to make him apprehensive, that he affords little to his auditor. 6. In our intercourse with the world, we should often ask ourselves this question-How would I like to be treated thus? 7. In all ages and countries, unprincipled men may be found, who will slander the most upright character, and find others as base as themselves, to join in the propagation of their falsehoods.

Confinement of Debtors. The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the num ber of hands and minds usefully employed. To the community, sedition is a fever, corruption is a gangrene, and idleness is an atrophy. Whatever body, and whatever society-wastes more than it acquires, must gradually decay: and every being, that continues to be fed, and ceases to labor, takes away something from the public stock. The confinement, therefore, of any man in the sloth and darkness of a prison, is a loss to the nation, and no gain to the creditor. 388. WORD-PAINTING. There is noth- For, of the multitudes, who are pining in ing in any of the other fine arts, but what is those cells of misery, a very small part is involved in oratory. The letters are analo- suspected of any fraudulent act, by which gous to uncompounded paints; words-to they retain, what belongs to others. The paints prepared for use; and, when arranged rest are imprisoned by the wantonness of into appropriate and significant sentences, pride, the malignity of revenge, or the acrithey form pictures of the ideas on the can-mony of disappointed expectation. vas of the imagination: hence, composition, whether written or spoken, is like a picture, exhibiting a great variety of features, not only with prominence, but with degrees of prominence to do which, the painter, speaker, or writer, applies shades of the same color to features of the same class, and opposing colors to those of different classes. Government. The ordinary division of governments into republican, monarchical, and despotic, appears essentially erroneous; for there are but two kinds of government, good and bad: governments are national and special. The essence of the formerconsists in the will of the nation constitutionally expressed; that of the latter, where there are other sources of power, or right, than the will of the nation.

A wo

Anecdote. Punctual Hearer.
man, who always used to attend public wor-
ship with great punctuality, and took care
to be always in time, was asked how it was
-she could always come so early; she an-
swered very wisely, "that it was part of
her religion-not to disturb the religion of
others."

I hate to see a scholar gape,
And yawn upon his seat,

Or lay his head upon his desk,
As if almost asleep.

VARIETIES.

"Tis slander:

Whose edge-is sharper than the sword, whose tongue
Outvenoms all the worms of Nile; whose breath-
Rides on the sporting winds, and doth belie
All corners of the world: kings, queens, and states,
Maids and matrons, the secrets of the grave-
This viperous slander enters.

Mercy to him that shows it, is the rule,
And righteous limitation of its act,

By which heaven moves, in pardoning guilty man.
And he, that shows none, (being ripe in years,
And conscious-of the outrage he commits,)
Shall seek it, and not find it, in his turn.
His words-are bonds; his oaths-are oracles;
His love-sincere; his thoughts-immaculate;
His tears-pure messengers, sent from his heart:
His heart-is as far from fraud,-as heaven-from earth.

Be earnest!-why shouldst thou for custom's sake,
Lay a cold hand upon thy heart's warm pulse,
And crush those feelings back, which, uttered, make
Links in the chain of love? Why thus convulse
A soul, that overflows with sympathy
For kindred souls, when thou art called to be

The Heart's Apostle, loving, pure, and true?
The smooth hypocrisies, the polished lies,
The cold dead forms-and hollow mockeries

Current among the many, by the few,
Who know their manhood, should be held in scorn!
Speak freely thy free thought-and other souls
To thine shall answer-as from living coals
Together kindled, light and heat are born!

mixed with love, is harmless-as the dove. 3. A covetous man is, as he always fancies, in want. 4. Hypocrites-first cheat the world, and at last, themselves. 5. The borrower is slave to the lender, and the security-to both. 6. Some are too stiff to bend, and too old to mend. 7. Truth has always a sure foundation. 8. He, who draws others into evil courses-is the devil's agent. 9. A spur in the head-is worth two in the heel. 11. To do good, is the right way to find good. 10. Better spared, than ill spent. 12. Years teach

389. DYNAMICs. This, in mechanical phi-| Maxims. 1. The credit that is got by a lie, losophy, means the science of moving-powers;-only lasts till the truth comes out. 2. Zeal, in elocution and singing, it relates to the force, loudness, harshness, strength, roughness, softness, swell, diminish, smoothness, abruptness, gentleness of voice: that is, its qualities, which are as various as those of the human mind; of which, indeed, they are the representatives. Observe-that the names of these qualities, when spoken naturally, express, or echo, their natures. The Loud, Rough, Soft, Smooth, Harsh, Forcible, Full, Strong, Tremulous, Slender, &c. all of which are comprehended in force, pitch, time, quantity, and abruptness of voice.

390. Let the following examples be rendered perfectly familiar-the feelings, tho'ts, words and appropriate voice: nothing, how ever, can be done, as it should be, without having the most important examples memorized, here and elsewhere. (Loud) 66 But when loud surges-lash the sounding shore; (Rough) The hoarse rough voice, should like the torrent roar." (Soft)" Soft is the strain, when Zephyr gently blows; (Smooth) And the smooth stream, in smoother numbers flows." (Harsh) "On a sudden, open fly, with impetuous recoil and jarring sound, the infernal doors, and on their hinges grate harsh thunder." (Soft) "Heaven opened wide her ever-during gates (harmonious sound) on golden hinges turning." (Soft) "How charming-is divine philosophy! (Harsh) Not harsh, and rugged, as dull fools suppose. (Soft) But musical-as is Apollo's lute." (Harsh, Strong and Forcible.) "Blow wind, and crack your cheeks! rage! blow your cataracts, and hurricane spout, till you have drenched our steeples. You sulphurious and thought-executing fires, vaunt couriers to oak-cleaving thunderbolts; and thou, all shaking thunder, strike flat the thick rotundity of the world."

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(Quick and Joyous.)

Let the merry bells ring round,
And the jocund rebeck sound,
To many a youth-and many a maid,
Dancing-in the checkered shade.
A want of occupation-is not rest,
A mind quite vacant-is a mind distressed.
As rolls the ocean's changing tide,
So-human feelings-ebb-and flow :-
And who could in a breast confide,

Where stormy passions-ever glow!
Remote from cities-lived a swain,
Unvexed-with all the cares of gain;
His head-was silvered o'er with age,
And long experience-made him sage.

more than books.

Anecdote. Love and Liberty. When an with his princess, by Cyrus, and was asked, Armenian prince-had been taken captive what he would give to be restored to his kingdom and liberty, he replied: "As for my kingdom and liberty, I value them not; but if my blood-would redeem my princess, I would cheerfully give it for her." When Cyrus had liberated them both, the princess which she replied, "I did not observe him; was asked, what she thought of Cyrus? To my whole attention was fixed upon the generous man, who would have purchased my liberty with his life."

Prejudice-may be considered as a continual false medium of viewing things; for prejudiced persons-not only never speak well, but also, never think well, of those whom they dislike, and the whole character and conduct is considered-with an eye to that particular thing which offends them.

Varieties. 1. Every thing that is an object of taste, sculpture, painting, architecture, gardening, husbandry, poetry, and musiccome within the scope of the orator. 2. In a government, maintained by the arm of power, there is no certainty of duration; but one cemented by mutual kindness, all the best feelings of the heart are enlisted in its support. 3. Who was the greater tyrant, Diony. sius or the bloody Mary? 4. Beauty, unaccompanied by virtue, is like a flower, without perfume; its brilliancy may remain, but its sweetness is gone; all that was precious in it, has evaporated. 5. We might as well throw oil on a burning house to put out the fire, as to take ardent spirits into the stomach, to lessen the effects of a hot sun, or severe exercise. 6. The understanding must be elevated above the will, to control its desires; but it must be enlightened by the truth, that it may not err.

The pathway-to the grave-may be the same,
And the proud man-shall tread it,--and the low,
With his bowed head, shall bear him company.
But the temper-of the invisible mind,
The god-like-and undying intellect,
These are distinctions, that will live in heaven,
When time, is a forgotten circumstance.

391. DYNAMICS CONTINUED. These con- Maxims. 1. All is soon ready in an orderly trasts produce great effects, when properly house. 2. Bacchus has drowned more than Nepexhibited, both in elocution and music. The tune. 3. Despair-has ruined some, but presumption-multitudes. 4. Flattery-sits in the parlor, rushing loud, indicates dread, alarm, warning, &c.; the soft, their opposites: the tend- while plain-dealing is kicked out of doors. 5. He ency of indistinctness is, to remove objects to is not drunk for nothing, who pays his reckoning a distance, throwing them into the back- with his reason. 6. If the world knew what passes 7. Give ground of the picture; and of fullness, to in my mind, what would it think of me. neither counsel nor salt, till you are asked for it. 8. bring them into the fore-ground, making Close not a letter-without reading it, nor drink them very prominent; thus-the polyph-water-without seeing it. 9. A fool, and his money, onist deceives, or imposes upon the ear, making his sounds correspond to those he would represent, near by, and at a distance.

392. FORCIBLE. Now storming fury rose, and clamor; such as heard in heaven, till now, was never: arms on armor, clashing, brayed horrible discord; and the maddening wheels of brazen chariots raged. Full:high on a throne-of royal state, which far outshone the wealth of Ormus, and of Inde; or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand, showers on her kings barbaric, pearl and gold, Satan, EXALTED, sat. Strong: him, the Almighty Power hurled headlong, flaming from the ethereal skies with hideous ruin and combustion, down to bottomless perdition there to dwell in adamantine chains, and penal fire,-who durst defy the Omnipotent to arms.

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are soon parted. 10. If few words-will not make you wise, many will not.

Anecdote. Charity Sermon. Dean Surft -was requested to preach a charity sermon; but was cautioned about having it too long: he replied, that they should have nothing to fear on that score. He chose for his text these words-" He that hath pity on the poor, lendeth unto the Lord; and that which he hath given-will he pay him again." The Dean, after looking around, and repeating his text in a still more emphatic manner, added-"My beloved friends, you hear the terms of the loan; and now, if you like the security,-down with your dust." The result was, as might be expected,―a very large

collection.

Example

Precept and Example. works more cures than precept; for words, without practice, are but councils without effect. When we do as we say, it is a confirmation of the rule; but when our lives and doctrines do not agree, it looks as if the lesson were either too hard for us, or the advice not worth following. If a priest-design to edify by his sermons, concerning the punishment of the other world, let him renounce his lust, pride, avarice, and contentiousness; for whoever would make another believe a danger, must first show that he is apprehensive of it himself.

So MILLIONS-are smit-with the glare of a toy: They grasp at a pebble-and call it—a gem, And tinsel is gold, (if it glitters,) to them; Hence, dazzled with beauty, the lover is smit, The hero with honor, the poet-with wit; The fop-with his feather, his snuff-box and cane, The nymph with her novel, the merchant with gain: Each finical priest, and polite pulpiteer, Who dazzles the fancy, and tickles the ear, With exquisite tropes, and musical style, As gay as a tulip-as polished as oil, Sell truth-at the shrine of polite eloquence, To please the soft taste, and allure the gay sense. Miscellaneous. 1. Fair sir, you spit on Varieties. 1. The first book read, and me-on Wednesday last; you spurned me the last one laid aside, in the child's library, such a day; another time-you called me is the mother: every look, word, tone, and dog; and for these courtesies, I'll lend thee gesture, nay, even dress itself—makes an thus much moneys. 2. I stand-in the pre-everlasting impression. 2. One who is consence of Almighty God, and of the world; and I declare to you, that if you lose this charter, never, no NEVER-Will you get another. We are now, perhaps, arrived at the parting point. Here, even HERE, we stand-show, bluster and arrogant pretensions. 3. on the brink of fate! Pause! for HEAVEN'S sake, pause. 3. Can you raise the dead? Pursue and overtake the wings of time? And can you bring about again, the hours, the DAYS, the YEARS, that made me happy? 4. But grant-that others can, with equal glory, look down on pleasure, and the bait of sense, where-shall we find a man, that bears afflictions, great and majestic in his ills, like Cato?

Oh then, how blind-to all that truth requires,
Who think it freedom, where a part-aspire.

scious of qualities, deserving of respect, and attention, is seldom solicitous about them; but a contemptible spirit-wishes to hide itself from its own view, and that of others, by

The blood of a coward, would stain the character of an honorable man; hence, when we chastise such wretches, we should do it with the utmost calmness of temper. 4. Cultivate the habit-of directing the mind, intently, to whatever is presented to it; this-is the foundation of a sound intellectual character. 5. We are too apt, when a jest is turned upon ourselves, to think that insufferable, in another, which we looked upon as very pretty and facetious, when the humor was our own. Never purchase friendship by gifts.

tends to awkwardness; all would appear well, if they never tried to assume-what they do not possess. Every one is respectable and pleasing, so long as he or she, is perfectly natural and truthful, and speaks and acts from the impulses of an honest and affectionate heart, without any anxiety as to what others think.

393. Words are paints, the voice--the | imitation! Anxiety about the opinions of brush, the mind--the painter; but science, others--fetters the freedom of nature, and practice, genius, taste, judgment and emotion are necessary--in order to paint well: and there is as much difference between a good and bad reader, as there is between a good painter and a mere dauber. What gives expression to painting? EMPHASIS. We look upon some pictures and remark, "that is a strong outline;"" a very expressive countenance:" this is emphasis: again, we look upon others, and there is a softness, delicacy, and tenderness, that melts the soul, as she contemplates them; this is emotion. 394. Throw the following lines on the canvas of your imagination; i. e. picture

them out there.

BEAUTY, WIT AND GOLD.
In her bower-a widow dwelt;
At her feet-three suitors knelt:
Each-adored the widow much,
Each essayed her heart to touch;
One-had wit, and one-had gold,
And one-was cast in beauty's mould;
Guess-which was it-won the prize,
Purse, or tongue, or handsome eyes?
First, appeared the handsome man,
Proudly peeping o'er her fan;
Red his lips, and white his skin;
Could such beauty-fail to win?
Then-stepped forth--the man of gold,
Cash he counted, coin he told,
Wealth-the burden of his tale;
Could such golden projects fail?
Then, the man of wit, and sense,
Moved her with his eloquence;
Now, she heard him-with a sigh;
Now she blushed, she knew not why:
Then, she smiled-to hear him speak,
Then, the tear-was on her cheek:
Beauty, vanish! gold, depart!
WIT, has won the widow's heart.

Laconics. 1. Modesty-in your discourse, will give a lustre-to truth,-and excuse—to your errors. 2. Some are silent, for want of matter, or assurance; others are talkative, for want of 3. To judge of men-by their actions, one sense. and that the world-was one immense mad-house. would suppose that a great proportion was mad, 4. Prodigals—are rich, for a moment-economists, forever. 5. To do unto others, as we would they should do to us, is a goiden maxim, that cannot be too deeply impressed on our minds. 6. Continue to add a little-to what was originally a little, and you will make it a great deal. 7. The value-of sound, correct principles, early. implanted in the human mind, is incalculable.

Those who are talentless, themselves, are the first to talk about the conceit of others; for mediocrity-bears but one flower-ENVY.

Anecdote. Too Hard. About one hundred years ago, Mahogany-was introduced in England as ballast for a ship, that sailed from the West Indies; and one Dr. Gibbons wished some furniture made of it: but the workmen, finding it too hard for their tools, laid it aside. Another effort was made; but the cabinet-maker said it was too hard for his tools. The Doctor told him, he must get stronger tools then: he did so, and his effort was crowned with success. Remember this, ye who think the subject of elocution, as here treated, too difficult: and if you cannot find a way, make one. Press on!

IN POLITENESS, as in everything else, connected with the formation of character, we Varieties. 1. A good reader may become are too apt to begin on the outside, instead of the inside: instead of beginning with the for there is nothing in any of these arts, that a good speaker, singer, painter and sculptor: heart, and trusting to that to form the manners, many begin with the manners, and may not be seen in true delivery. 2. Old Parr, who died at the advanced age of 152, leave the heart to chance and influences. gave this advice to his friends; "Keep your The golden rule-contains the very life and head cool by temperance, your feet warm by soul of politeness: "Do unto others--as you exercise: rise early, and go early to bed; would they should do unto you." Unless and if you are inclined to grow fat, keep children and youth are taught by precept and example, to abhor what is selfish, and not these excellent life-pills? 3. As the lark your eyes open, and your mouth shut." Are prefer another's pleasure and comfort to their sings at the dawn of day, and the nightinown, their politeness will be entirely artificial, and used only when interest and policy dictate. True politeness-is perfect freedom and ease, treating others—just as you love to be treated. Nature-is always graceful: affectation, with all her art, can never produce anything half so pleasing. The very perfection of elegance-is to imitate nature; how much better-to have the reality, than the

gale at even, so, should we show forth the
loving kindness of the Lord-every morn-
ing, and his faithfulness--every night. 4.
Is not the science of salvation-the greatest
of all the sciences?

Without a star, or angel-for their guide,
Who worship God, shall find him: humble Love,
(And not proud Reason,) keeps the door of heaven:
Love-finds admission, where Science-fails.

395. MODULATION-signifies the accom- Maxims. 1. The follies of youth-are food for modation of the voice, (in its diversifications repentance-in old age. 2. Truth-may languish, of all these principles,) to every variety and but it can never die. 3. When a vain man hears shade of thought and feeling. The upper another praised, he thinks himself injured. 4. Anpitches of voice, we know, are used in calling tiquity-is not always a mark of truth. 5. That persons at a distance, for impassioned emtrial is not fair-where affection is judge. 6. phasis of certain kinds, and for very earnest Business-is the salt of life. 7. Dependence-is a arguments; the middle pitches--for general poor trade. 8. He, who lives upon hope, has but a slender diet. 9. Always taking out of the meal conversation, and easy familiar speaking, of a descriptive and didactic character; and the lower ones, for cadences, and the exhibition of emphasis in grave and solemn reading and peaking.

tub, and never putting in, soon comes to the bottom. 10. He, who thinks to deceive God, deceives himself

Anecdote. An ill thing. Xenophanus, an old sage, was far from letting a false mo396. Who can describe, who delineate desty lead him into crime and indiscretion, the cheering, the enlivening ray? who-the when he was upbraided, and called timorous, looks of love? who-the soft benignant vi- because he would not venture his money at brations of the benevolent eye? who-the any of the games. "I confess," said he, twilight, the day of hope? who-the internal" that I am exceedingly timorous, for I dare efforts of the mind, wrapt in gentleness and not do an ill thing." humility, to effect good, to diminish evil, and Education. It is the duty of the instrucincrease present and eternal happiness? who tors of youth to be patient with the dull, and --all the secret impulses and powers, collect- steady with the froward,-to encourage the ed in the aspect of the defender, or energy of timid, and repress the insolent,-fully to emtruth? of the bold friend, or subtle foe-of ploy the minds of their pupils, without overwisdom? who--the poet's eye, in a fine burdening them, -to awaken their fear, phrenzy rolling, glancing from heaven--to without exciting their dislike,--to communiearth, from earth--to heaven, while imagina- | cate the stores of knowledge, according to the tion-bodies forth the form of things unknown.

Notes. The pitch of the voice is exceedingly important in every branch of our subject, and particularly, in the higher parts; the eighth note; for it will be harsh and unpleasant to the ear, and very apt to break: nor drop it to the first note; for then your articulation will be difficult and indistinct, and you cannot impart any life and spirit to your manner and matter; as there is little or no compass below this pitch: both these extremes must be carefully avoided.

and this among the rest. You must not often raise your voice to

Patrick Henry's Treason. When this worthy patriot, (who gave the first impulse to the ball of the revolution,) introduced his celebrated resolution on the stamp act, in the Virginia House of Burgesses, in 1765, as he descanted on the tyranny of that obnoxious act, exclaimed -"Cesar-had his Brutus; Charles the First, his Cromwell; and George the Third"--" Treason!" cried the speaker; "treasm; treason; TREASON;" re-echoed from every part of the house. It was one of those trying moments, which are decisive of character; but Henry faltered not for an instant; and rising to a loftier attitude, and fixing on the speaker--an eye, flashing with fire, continued--"may PROFIT--by these examples: if this be treason, make the most of it."

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capacity of the learner, and to enforce obedience by the strictness of discipline. Above all, it is their bounden duty, to be ever on the watch, and to check the first beginnings of vice. For, valuable as knowledge may be, virtue is infinitely more valuable; and worse than useless are these mental accomplishments, which are accompanied by depravity of heart.

Varieties. 1. Can charcoal-paint fire; chalk-light, or colors-live and breathe? 2. Tattlers-are among the most despicable of bad things; yet even they have their use; for they serve to check the licentiousnessof the tongues of those, who, without the fear of being called to account, through the instrumentality of these babbling knaves, would run riot in backbiting and slander.

"Tis the mind, that makes the body rich;
And, as the sun-breaks the darkest cloud,
So, honor-'peareth-in the meanest habit.
No let the eagle-change his plume,
The leaf-its hue, the flow'r—its bloom;
But ties-around the heart were spun,
That could not, would not, be undone.

Oh, who-the exquisite delights can tell,
The joy, which mutual confidence imparts?
Or who can paint the charm unspeakable,
Which links. in tender bands. two faithful hearts?
6. Many things are easier felt, than told.
7. It is no proof of a man's understanding,
to be able to affirm-whatever he pleases;
but, to be able to discern, that what is true,
is true, and that what is false, is false-is the
mark and character of intelligence.

Nature-sells everything for labor.

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