Exercise 52. a. Say whether the words printed in italics are Adjectives or Verbs. Pharaoh dreamt of seven lean kine. Lazy men lean against posts. The top of the table is smooth. Laundresses smooth shirts with an iron. The farmer is going to thin his turnips. The farmer is not thin. Your hands are dirty; do not dirty your face. The silver is not clean; tell Jane to clean it. Children blunt their knives by sharpening slate pencils. Their knives are blunt. You are idle; it is wrong to idle your time away. The travelers long for drink. The way seemed long. The slave could not free himself. The slave is now free. The hearers were weary; the lecturer was likely to weary everyone. b. Put each of the following words into two sentences, using it as a Verb in the first sentence and as an Adjective in the second.1 Warm. Blind. Dry. Wet. Secure. Right. Wrong. Better. Lame. Smart. Humble. Left. Level. Lower. Light. Round. Steel. Salt. Steep. Clear. Hollow. Loose. Fast. Mimic. Mock. Open. Shut. Plane. Roast. Second. Separate. Sham. 54. When we say "Henry is tall," the word "tall" describes Henry; and when we speak of "brick houses" the Adjective "brick" describes the houses we are thinking of; but when we say "these men," or "two men," the words these and two do not describe, but they limit the Noun men; that is, they do not tell us any quality of the men, but simply tell what particular men are spoken of. Adjectives tell, as we have seen, the sort, or the number, or the amount of the persons or things which the Nouns (or Pronouns) represent; or else they point out what particular persons or things are meant. Learn 55. An Adjective is a word used with a Noun (or a Pronoun) to describe or to limit that which the Noun denotes. 1 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 319, Note 8. NAMING THE PARTS OF SPEECH FOUND IN SENTENCES. 56. The classes into which words are divided are called Parts of Speech. Nouns, Verbs, Pronouns, and Adjectives. are four of these classes. In order to make up our minds which class a word belongs to we must notice what idea it expresses and what work it does in a sentence. Thus, in the Some savages blind their prisoners. Some Says how many savages savages blind Is a word used as a name their Tells something about the savages (or tells what they do) Stands instead of the Noun savages prisoners Is a word used as a name Therefore it is An Adjective A Noun A Verb A Pronoun A Noun Exercise 53. Say what Part of Speech each word is in the following sen tences. The cook sold the fat. The cook was fat. Our walk was pleasant. The baby can walk. My new pen is broken. Job had great patience. The thin farmer is going to thin his turnips. Mary has been visiting her uncle. Father bought me a fine doll. The pretty bird is singing a sweet song. Our aunt gave us a black pony. Frank hit his finger; he hurt it. That lamb has lost its mother. PARTICIPLES. 57. In paragraph 24 (page 15) we learned that Infinitives, though derived from Verbs, are not Verbs, because they do not assert or state anything. Let us now consider verbal expressions of another kind, which also are not Verbs, though they are derived from Verbs. In the sentence "The man was wearing a black hat," was wearing is, as we know, a Verb. But in the sentence “A man wearing a black hat passed by,” the Verb is passed. Wearing belongs to man like an Adjective, but it also does something of the work of a Verb because it shows us what the man is doing to the hat. Similarly, in the sentence "The hat worn by the man was black," hat is the Subject and was the Verb, while worn belongs to hat like an Adjective and also does something of the work of a Verb. In each of the two sentences there is only one statement or assertion, and only one Verb. Such words as wearing and worn cannot serve as Verbs. As the words wearing and worn thus partake of the nature of an Adjective and of a Verb, they are called Participles.1 58. Infinitives and Participles, since they are derived from Verbs, are called Verbals. Exercise 54. Pick out the Participles in the following sentences, and tell from what Verb each Participle is derived. I saw an old man working in his garden. The waves dashing on the shore make a ceaseless roar. I, being weary, sat down to rest. Feeling ill, he left early. Wishing you a pleasant summer, I am your friend Tom. The back of the book, being broken, was torn off. Having crossed the street, the stranger could better see the sign. Built of stone, the house has stood for centuries. A house built upon the sands cannot stand. The old man, bent with years, slowly hobbled away. He found us fishing from the rocks. One fish, caught an hour before, was still alive. 59. Participles are often used as simple Adjectives, showing the kind of person or thing; as, "A loving friend," "A printed book." 1 From the Latin particip-are, to share or partake. Participles come from Verbs, but they belong to Nouns or Pronouns, like Adjectives. When so used they stand directly before their Nouns, and are used to describe. They differ from other Adjectives only in the fact that they come from Verbs and have meanings derived from those of Verbs. Exercise 55. Pick out the Participles used as Adjectives, and tell from what Verbs they are derived. This paper is white as the driven snow. That is now a forgotten story. We could not face the freezing wind. The speaker was received with ringing cheers. See the newly risen sun. The generals had met on many a well fought field. The sick child has sunken eyes. The spun silk is very fine. The chairman read the standing orders. Have you seen the picture of the reading girl? What a striking likeness! This is the sworn testimony of the witness. The first boat passed the winning post two seconds before the next. The poor child has a beseeching look. The Jews were forbidden to make graven images. God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. It is of no use crying over spilt milk. These chairs are made of bent wood. Exercise 56. In the following sentences pick out the Adjectives, the Par ticiples, and the Participles used as Adjectives, and tell to what Noun or Pronoun each belongs. The poor butterfly had a broken wing. The setting sun was now behind the distant hill. That was a cutting reply. The water, bubbling from beneath the rock, was a welcome sight to us tired travelers. Rising rapidly into the air, the balloon was soon out of sight. Discouraged and ashamed of himself, he tried to hide from those who knew him. It is a well situated house, standing, as it does, on a small hill. This is a most annoying occurrence. At last, thoroughly disgusted, I rose to go. My dog, watching my every movement, followed me with his limping trot. I forgot to tell you he had a wounded foot. The bat came flapping right into the sleeping-room, waking all of us up. |