Her timbers yet are sound
And she may float again.

My father lived beside the Tyne,
A wealthy lord was he.

I am sorry for thee; thou art come

To answer a stony adversary.

And by came an angel who had a bright key.

Though your duty may be hard,

Look not on it as an ill ;

If it be an honest task,

Do it with an honest will.

The tall pink foxglove bowed his head;
The violets curtsied and went to bed.

When the ground is white with snow,
At the door some crumbs I'll throw.

With a merry face and a merry song
Through the snow he paddles along.

And to the hilt his vengeful sword
He plunged in Gelert's side.

Past the woman so old and gray,
Hurry the children on their way.
Lightly and brightly breaks away
The morning from her mantle gray.
Beneath the crimson arching dome,
Went up the roar of mortal foes.

Happy must be the state

Whose ruler heedeth more
The murmurs of the poor
Than flatteries of the great.

Sing the glorious day's renown,
When to battle fierce came forth

All the might of Denmark's crown.

The foolish and the dead alone never change their opinions.

No peace, no comfort could I find,

No ease within doors or without.

Underneath this sable hearse

Lies the subject of all verse.

And by him sported on the green,

His little grandchild, Wilhelmine.

Honor thy father and thy mother . . . that it [call it an Impersonal Pronoun; see par. 215] may be well with thee, and that thou mayest live long on the earth.

Were half the power that fills the world with terror,
Were half the wealth bestowed on camps and courts

Given to redeem the human mind from error,

There were no need of arsenals or forts.

Bozzaris! with the storied brave
Greece nurtured in her glory's prime
Rest thee.

"O! haste thee, haste!" the lady cries;

PART III.

ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.

ELEMENTS.

455. When a chemist takes a mixture and separates each part from the rest he is said to analyze it; so when we separate a sentence into its different parts we are said to analyze that.

456. The units or parts that make up sentences are called Elements. Elements are of three kinds according to their form Word elements, Phrase elements, and Clause elements.

Since Clause elements are never found in Simple sentences—the kind we are to analyze first-we shall study here only Word elements and Phrase elements.

457. Any of the eight Parts of Speech, except a Preposition, may be a Word element. Conjunctions are called Connective Elements. Interjections, not being connected or related to the other words in the sentence, are Independent Elements.

458. We have already learned about the two most important kinds of Phrases,

Prepositional Phrases (see par. 163), and
Infinitive Phrases (see par. 327).

Read again pars. 145, 146, and 157.

459. A Subject, a Predicate, an Object, an Attribute, an Infinitive, or a Prepositional Phrase, with its Adjuncts, is called the Complete or Enlarged Subject, or. Predicate, etc.

460. When we speak of an element as being Simple we mean that it has no Adjuncts, or that we are considering it apart from its Adjuncts. Thus the term Simple Subject may mean a Subject that has no Adjuncts, as, Rain fell; or a Subject which we pick out from the Enlarged Subject. Thus we may say rain is the Simple Subject in the sentence, A light but refreshing rain fell last night.”

66

In the same way we speak of Simple Predicate, Simple Object, Simple Attribute, Simple Phrase.

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

THE SIMPLE SUBJECT.

Read again pars. 28-32, and work again Exercises 28-33. Exercise 190.

Analyze the following sentences.

John is working. He is working. To work tires. Working too long tires. Birds fly. They fly. To read interests. Reading good books interests. The blind should be helped. The good are loved.

461. If the sentences given in Exercise 190 be examined, it will be seen that the Simple Subject may be

(1) A Noun'; as, "John is working," "Reading interests." (2) A Pronoun; as, "He is working."

(3) An Adjective used as a Noun; as, "The blind should be helped."

(4) An Infinitive; as, "To work tires."

(5) A Gerund; as, "Working too long tires."

Exercise 191.

Say of what the Simple Subject consists. [The Simple Subject is printed in italics.]

John is going to Scotland; he will stay there a month. Traveling in

1 It will be seen when Complex Sentences are taken that the Subject may also consist of a Noun Clause.

Europe is interesting.

To read is easy; to think is not so easy. Blessed are the meek. Blessed are the merciful. Writing good books is useful. We are expecting our aunt; she is coming from France. France is a large country. Reading maketh a full man. To wait is tiresome.

THE SIMPLE PREDICATE.

462. Many Intransitive Verbs may by themselves form a Predicate; as, Birds fly. Transitive Verbs, however, require an Object to complete their predication or assertion; and Copulative Verbs (see pars. 301-307) require an Attribute to complete their predication.

463. The Simple Predicate may therefore be

(1) An Intransitive Verb; as, "We were talking."

(2) A Transitive Verb with its Object; as, "Horses eat hay”.

(3) A Copulative Verb and the Attribute; as, "Oaks grow tall," "Men are animals."

464. Like the Subject, the Object may be

(1) A Noun'; as, "Bakers make bread." (2) A Pronoun; as, "We love him."

(3) An Adjective used as a Noun; as, "You should pity

the poor."

(4) A Gerund; as, "I like reading history."

(5) An Infinitive; as, "I like to read."

Exercise 192.

Pick out the Object and say of what it consists.

The cook made a pie. Tom broke the window. The gardener sowed seeds. Some one stole the horse. Artists paint pictures. The sailor lost his ship. Children learn lessons. Authors write books. Farmers grow corn. Birds build nests. I heard her. We have just met him. Mr. Smith will meet us. We like them. I hurt myself. She cut her

1 It will be seen when Complex Sentences are taken that the Object or the Attribute may also consist of a Noun Clause.