he has come." The indirect question introduced by the Interrogative Adverb is the Object of the main Verb.

Exercise 178.

Pick out the Interrogative Adverbs in the following sentences, and tell what they limit or modify.

Where did you find it? He retorted, "Why did you run away?" I want to know how this is put together. How much did you pay him? Tell me where you are going. Father asked why I had bought it. I wonder how the bear was caught. The stranger inquired wherein the difference lay. Why do you want to know how ink is made? Where is the Bible verse, "Wherewith shall it be salted?" Did you say when it happened?

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

416. There are a few words which are called Conjunctive Adverbs. The most common of these words are :—

Where and its compounds (as, where-in, where-by, wherefore, etc.), wherever, wheresoever, when, whenever, whence, why, whither, while, as, the.'

417. If I say "This is the place where he lives," we have two statements, "This is the place" and " He lives." Where joins them, and therefore does the work of a Conjunction. But it also modifies the Verb lives. Since it thus does the work of an Adverb as well as of a Conjunction, it is properly termed a Conjunctive Adverb.

If the other words in the list be examined in the same way, it will be seen that they, too, are Conjunctive Adverbs,' and that they go with the Verbs which follow them.

Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs.

I will go where you go.

I am ready whenever you are.

1 Note that many of these words may be used as Interrogative. Adverbs (see pars. 72 and 415), not only in direct questions but in indirect questions. The last sentence in par. 415 will help much in distinguishing when the words are Interrogative Adverbs.

2 See Notes for Teachers, p. 322, Note 17.

This is the cave wherein he lay.

I shall remain here while you search.

The thief was caught as he climbed from the window.
I will try the harder, the1 more you encourage me.

1

The farther he ran, the louder became the uproar.
And wheresoever Mary went, the lamb was sure to go.
What is the cause wherefore ye are come?

It shall prosper in the things whereto I sent it.

The boy was reading when his master came up.

The prisoner was sent back to the place whence he came.

418. The following words are not Conjunctive Adverbs, though at first sight they may seem to be (since they introduce Adverbial Adjuncts): After, before, ere, until, till, and since.

If I say

"William came after James had left," we have two statements, "William came " and "James had left." After joins them and therefore does the work of a Conjunction. But after does not modify the following Verb, for James did not leave after William came. Hence, as after does not modify any Verb, Adjective, or Adverb, we simply call it a Conjunction. The fact is, that all the six words mentioned may also be used as Prepositions. Thus we say, "I have eaten nothing since morning,” “I remained there till noon.” And taking the sentence, "William came after James had left," we may supply a Noun so as to make after a Preposition; as, "William came after [the time when] James had left.” But instead of regarding the statement "James had left" as the object of the Preposition after, we had better regard after simply as a Conjunction (of time) joining the two parts of the sentence.

Examples of Conjunctions which, at first sight, look like Adverbs. The moon rose after the sun had set.

The traveler set out before his friends had come up.

It is now three months since we heard from our cousin in India. Come down ere my child die.

Do not go out till the storm has abated.

419. The word as requires care.

In the sentence "John is as tall as his brother is," the first as is

1 The in such a sentence is about equivalent to the Conjunctive Adverb while (see

par. 515). The other the in the sentence is an Adverb of Degree (see par. 412).

an Adverb of Degree limiting the Adjective tall; the second as is a Conjunctive Adverb (of Degree).

In the sentence "We met the boys as we were coming home," as [when] is a Conjunctive Adverb (of Time).

In the sentence "I do not trust him, as he has deceived me," as [= because] is a Conjunction.

Exercise 179.

Pick out the Conjunctive Adverbs and the Interrogative Adverbs.

I remember, I remember

The house where I was born,

The little window where the sun
Came peeping in at morn.

I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows. That is the field where the money was found. The reason why he came is not known. The place whither you are traveling is far away. The workman did not hear when he was called. The tree is still lying where it fell. I will look for it wherever I go. He goes out riding whenever he can find time. This is how you ought to write. The Lord preserved David whithersoever he went. Whithersoever it turneth it prospereth. Look to the rock whence ye are hewn. Ye cannot tell whence I come and whither I go. What is the cause wherefore ye are come? Wherever I went was my poor dog Tray.

Exercise 180.

a. Say what Part of Speech each word printed in italics is. William came first; James came after. William came after me. William came after I had gone. Jill came tumbling after.

The mother knew that before. The mother knew that before Saturday. The mother knew that before you told her.

My brother cannot stay till then. day. My brother cannot stay till you We ought to have heard ere now. gone.

My brother cannot stay till Suncome for him.

We shall hear ere many days are

The merchant has been here since. The merchant has been here since Monday. The merchant has been here since you left.

As the boy was hard-working he got on. We met the boy as he was going to work. The boy was as honest as he was industrious.

He said the men seemed to work the less faithfully, the more they were paid.

b. Classify the Adverbs in Exercise 62.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

Read again pars. 278–283.

420. Some Adverbs admit of comparison; thus :—

Positive Degree.

We expect Fred to arrive soon.

Comparative Degree. We expect Tom to arrive sooner.

Superlative Degree.

We expect Edward to arrive soonest.

421. Adverbs are compared like Adjectives.

Many Adverbs are formed from Adjectives, as kindly from kind, gently from gentle. Such Adverbs are, of course, longer than the Adjectives from which they were formed, and Adverbs are therefore compared by the addition of more and most oftener than Adjectives

are.

422. Some Adverbs are compared irregularly, as:—

423. Some Adverbs, such as twice, there, quite, entirely, completely, cannot, because of their meanings, be compared. (See, however, par. 285 and footnote 2.)

The Adverb rather has no corresponding Positive and Superlative.

Exercise 181.

Compare the following Adverbs:—

Lazily. Wittily. Sadly. Snugly. Proudly. Luckily. Often. Seldom. Little. Far. Fast. Early. Soon.

Read again par. 303.

Truly. Busily.

Slowly. Hard.

424. Though Adverbs may modify Copulative Verbs,' like seem, look, feel, etc., we should be careful not to use with such Verbs an Adverb where an Adjective is required. In the sentences, "He looks bad," "He feels sick," the Adjective Attributes express or describe a condition or state of being. But in the sentences,

"He is looking for the ball very stupidly,"

"The blind man feels cautiously along the pavement,"

the italicized words are Adverbs of Manner, and the Verbs is looking and feels are not Copulative Verbs, but Intransitive Verbs showing action.

425. The fact that a word ends in -ly does not make it an Adverb. Thus, kingly, leisurely, lively, jolly, courtly, lovely, kindly, and other words in -ly are used as Adjectives. Leisurely and kindly may be Adverbs. The Adverb from jolly is jollily.

426. Frequently in poetry an Adjective may be used for an Adverb; as, “How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank.”

1 Thus in the sentence, "He still seems weak," still is an Adverb of time, modifying the Copulative Verb seems, and weak is an Adjective Attribute. So with rapidly in the sentence, "He is rapidly growing tall."