384. When do is an Auxiliary, parse it and its principal Verb together as one Verb. (See par. 322, footnote.)

Exercise 168.

a. Say whether the Verb do in each of the following sentences is an Auxiliary or a Principal Verb.

I do think of you daily. My sister did expect you. Can the children do their tasks? Alfred does not feel well. The gardener is doing his work. Mr. Howard hopes to do well in Australia. How do you do that? How did his father hear the news? The soldier did his duty, but the sailor did not do his. I may see him this evening; I will give him your message if I do. Flee evil and do good. This thing was not done in a

corner.

b. Say in which of the four ways named in par. 382 do is used in each of the following sentences.

Never did any man work harder. I did not hear a sound. We do not know whom you mean. Some answered and some did not. He really does feel sorry. Did this train come from Brighton? When they do agree their unanimity is wonderful. The doctor does not think there is any danger; nor do I think there is any. Do you confess the bond? I do. I did love him but I scorn him now.

Once again

Do I behold those steep and lofty cliffs.

When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees,

And they did make no noise.

This just reproach their virtue does excite.

Expletives their feeble aid do join.

AGREEMENT OF VERBS.

385. Since the Number of a Verb is the same as that of its Subject (read again par. 364) we must take care not to use a Verb that is Singular in form with a Plural Subject, or the reverse. Also, since a Verb agrees with its Subject in Person, we must select the proper form when the Verb has different forms for the three Persons, as am, art, is.

386. The Verb be has more forms than any other Verb.

Most of the Strong Verbs have only five forms, as arise, arises, arose, arising, arisen (with the old forms, arisest and ariseth). Most of the Weak Verbs have only four, as talk, talks, talked, talking (with the old forms talkest and talketh).

387. When the Subject of a sentence consists of two or more Nouns or Pronouns joined by and, the Verb must be Plural; as "John and James are coming;" "She and her brother are coming; "He and she were late."

388. The Pronouns and Adjectives each, one, either, neither, every, are followed by Singular Verbs; as "Each of them knows him." "No one of all these persons is able to speak; everyone is dumb.” "Either of these apples is good enough for me."

389. When the Subject consists of two or more Singular Nouns joined by or, either-or, or neither-nor, the Verb must be Singular; as, "Either the master or the servant was present; "Neither the master nor the servant has returned." This rule applies also when one or more Singular Pronouns are used as Subjects; but the Verb in such cases agrees in Person with the nearest Pronoun, thus-" Mother says that either Harry or I am to go;" "Neither you, nor I, nor John is able to do that."

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If one of the Subjects is Plural the Verb is Plural; as, "Neither the ropes nor the hammock are to be found."

390. Collective Nouns when Singular may take a Plural Verb when the speaker is thinking of the separate things rather than of the multitude; as, "The nobility of Rome are his."

Thus

In the case of some Collective Nouns custom is not settled. we may say "The Board has met," "The Committee has resolved," ΟΙ "The Board have met," "The Committee have resolved."

Exercise 169.

a. Give the Number and the Person of the Verbs printed in italics.

Gold and silver are reckoned precious. The mistress and the maid have returned. Frank and Harry are going. Mary, Ethel, and Nellie are the best girls in the class. The lark and the nightingale sing at different times. Sword and helmet are laid aside. Copper and tin are found in England. He and his cousin learn French. He and I are both hungry. The meeting is disorderly. Some boys go barefooted. Congress has just adjourned. The mob was dispersed. The cattle on a thousand hills are his. Then ye are only five. Talking and eloquence are not the same; to talk and to talk well are two things.

Furious Frank and fiery Hun

Shout in their sulphurous canopy.

Soft stillness and the night

Become the touches of sweet harmony.

John or William is coming. Either the coachman or the footman is waiting. Neither the boy nor the girl has returned. Neither horse nor hound is weary. Neither he nor I have been chosen. Either Mary or I am to keep watch. You or he must stay. Neither of the books is of much value. Each of the speakers has lost his temper.

b. Read again par. 245, and give the Number and Person of the Verbs printed in italics.

The man who was here is gone. The men who were here are gone. He that gives thee a bone would not have thee die. The roses soon withered that hung o'er the wave. It is I who am speaking. It was you who spoke.

REVIEW.

391. A Verb is a word used to say something to or about a person or thing.

392. Verbs are either Transitive or Intransitive.

A Transitive Verb expresses an action received by some object.

An Intransitive Verb shows a state or condition, or an action which is not directed to an object.

393. Transitive Verbs have two Voices, the Active and the Passive.

When the name of the doer of the action is the Subject of the Verb, the Verb is in the Active Voice.

A Verb in the Active Voice always has an Object.

When the name of the object of the action is the Subject of the Verb, the Verb is in the Passive Voice.

394. Some Intransitive Verbs and a few Verbs in the Passive Voice are used to assert a relation between the Subject and some Adjective or Noun. These Verbs are called Copulative Verbs, and the Adjective or Noun is called the Attribute.

The Attribute always describes or identifies the person or thing denoted by the Subject.

395. Verbs have three Moods, the Indicative, the Imperative, and the Subjunctive.

The Indicative Mood is used in making a simple statement, or in asking a question.

The Imperative Mood is used in commanding or entreating. The Subjunctive Mood is used when we are speaking, not of something viewed as a fact, but of something which is only thought of.

396. Verbals are words that are derived from Verbs and express action or being without asserting it. They are of three kinds: Infinitives, Participles, and Gerunds.

397. Infinitives are Present or Perfect, and, if Transitive, are Active or Passive.

An Infinitive may be used as a Subject, an Object, an Attribute, an object of a Preposition (par. 321), or as an Adjective Adjunct, or an Adverbial Adjunct (par. 323), and it may have an Object or a

Complement of its own, and be modified by an Adverbial Adjunct (par. 326).

398. Participles may be Present or Perfect. Present Participles end with the syllable -ing. Perfect Participles generally end in n, t, or d.

399. Participles may be modified by Adverbial Adjuncts. Transitive Verbs have both Active and Passive Participles, the former of which take an Object. The Present Participle of a Copulative Verb

takes an Attribute.

400. Gerunds are the same in form as the Participles ending in -ing. They may take an Object or an Attribute or be modified by an Adverbial Adjunct; and at the same time they have Case like a Noun.

401. Verbs have six Tenses, the Present, the Present Perfect, the Past, the Past Perfect, the Future, and the Future Perfect. Verbs in many of their Tenses may have a Progressive Form.

402. Verbs are Strong or Weak.

Strong Verbs form their Past Tense or their Perfect Participle by a change of vowel.

Weak Verbs form their Past Tense and their Perfect Participle by adding -ed or -t.

403. Verbs agree with their Subjects in Person and Number.

Examples of the Parsing of Verbs and Verbals.

404. NOTE.-In parsing Verbs we should give, as one point, the three Principal Parts of the Verb. For many Verbs these are given in the tables on pages 165-168. The three Principal Parts are the Present, the Past, and the Perfect Participle; as go, went, gone; walk, walked, walked; set, set, set; sit, sat, sat; lay, laid, laid; lie, lay, lain.