"The poor fellow's arm is broken;""The good scholars were praised by their teacher."

18. In these, as in other cases, the Verb have may be used with the Verb be; thus, "The thief has been caught;" "The houses have been sold; "The officer had been blamed."

Exercise 19.

Pick out the Verbs in the following sentences.

The letter was written by

a. The lawn is watered by the gardener. Tom. The child was trodden upon. Jane's apron was stained with ink. The lion was shot by the hunters. The girl was stung by a wasp. The ink was spilled by the baby. Two foxes were caught yesterday. The boards were sawed by the carpenter. My brother was blamed by the master. The books were brought by William. The fire was relit. Those pictures were painted by Turner.

b. The lawn has been watered by the gardener. The letter has been written by Tom. The bear has been killed. Five of the boys have been stung by wasps. The trees had been blown down. The thief has been forgiven. The books have been brought by William. relit. The horses had been shod the day before.

The fire had been

19. The same thought may often be stated in two ways, thus:

With a Verb telling what a

person or thing does.

Bolton, the tailor, made this coat.

Mr. Jones invites Jack to dinner.

The expressman brought the trunks.

The grooms are exercising the horses.

The doctor has dressed the wound.

The infants have strung the beads.

With a Verb telling what is done to a person or thing.

This coat was made by Bolton,
the tailor.

Jack is invited to dinner by Mr.
Jones.

The trunks were brought by the
expressman.

The horses are being exercised by

the grooms.

The wound has been dressed by the doctor.

The beads have been strung by the infants.

Exercise 20.

Change the form of statement in the following sentences.

a. John broke the window. The mowers are cutting hay. The masons have built a wall. The cat has scratched the little girl. The dog worried the cat. The rat has eaten the malt. The cow tossed the dog. The sexton tolled the bell. The cruel boy struck the donkey. Edgar has given a ball to his brother. The gardeners have pruned the trees. The horses have eaten their corn.

b. The boat was broken by the waves. Light is given by the sun. The pavements have been washed by the rain. Silk and cloth are sold by merchants. America was discovered by Columbus. The medicine was prepared by the doctor. Four sheep were killed by the tiger. Nuts were cracked by the monkeys. Honey is made by bees. The flowers were arranged by Mary.

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20. Shall, should, will, and would are used in helping other Verbs, as, "I' shall see my father to-morrow; "We' shall 99 66 I1 return next week; "The postman will come soon; should stay at home if it rained;""The flowers would wither in the sun.

21. Be and have (either as helping words or as principal Verbs) may also be used with these helping words, thus:

1 I and we and other words of the same kind will be dealt with later. They are used like Nouns with Verbs.

2 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 319. Note 3.

Exercise 21.

Pick out the Verbs in the following sentences.

a. The girl will write a letter. We shall read that book. I should eat the apple. The sun will rise at five. We shall begin French next week. The landlord will sell two farms. The mowers will finish by sunset. We shall stay at Brighton. parcel. The storm will abate soon. glass would break,

The messenger will bring the Fred would like this book. The

b. We shall have been to Paris. The mother will have been with the daughter. The children would have been early. We should have been late. I shall have a prize. The girls will have some skipping-ropes. This gardener will have some cherries. I should be glad if you would be there. Father will be here soon. She would be happy then. We

shall have fine days now. Tom will have a new coat to-morrow.

22. It often happens that when a Verb consists of two or more words the words do not follow one another immediately. Thus :

Pick out the Verbs in the following sentences.

The child will willingly obey. We shall soon meet again. Our name is no more heard there. The foe was sullenly firing. The man will cer

1 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 323, Note 23.

tainly come again.

John has often written to us.

The girls were then

The rider has very

playing indoors. The porter was seriously injured. quickly returned. Every jolly Jack will soon be coming back. The sea is clearly seen from here. The story was not believed. Her friend has of late been much from home. The birds were merrily singing. The work was nearly finished. The tired child is soundly sleeping now. The wind was softly sighing. The storm is fiercely raging. The captain is greatly loved by his men. The prisoner was cruelly treated. The truant will not be punished. The sun was brightly shining. The boots were not stolen. I have only just heard the news. The pupils are now saying their lessons. The sailors have been joyously dancing. The servant would certainly lose her place. We shall probably sail on Wednesday. Brown has hardly ever called here. The mother was very much pleased with the news.

been wet.

The lad will ere long go home. The weather has lately

23. When a question is asked, the words forming a Verb are often separated. Thus :

Is the gardener pruning the trees? Has the baker been here? Is the teacher liked? Were the pigs sold? Have the men been digging potatoes? Were those roses cut to-day? Had the gentleman lost his hat? Was the thief caught? Is the water boiling? Have the girls learned their poetry? Has the window been broken? Was the ship wrecked? Has the crew been saved? Do the birds sing? Does the servant hear? Did the dog bark? Do the friends call to-day?

INFINITIVES.

24. In the sentences, "I like to skate," "They wished to be paid at once," the expressions to skate and to be paid are not Verbs,' for they do not tell or assert anything. They

1 Read again paragraph 8.

do not say anyone skated or anyone was paid. They express or show action or doing without stating or asserting it. Such verbal expressions are called Infinitives.' In each of the following sentences there is only one assertion, and that is expressed by the Verb, not by the Infinitive.

25. All the Infinitives in the sentences just given are preceded by to. But after make, see, hear, let, dare, and some other Verbs, the Infinitive is rarely preceded by to. Thus :

Pick out the Verbs and the Infinitives in the following sentences:

a. The mother promised to return. The huntsman is trying to catch the horse. The father told his sons to listen. The aunt has come to stay. Little Will is learning to read. The clerk is going to write a letter. The traveler meant to return that way. A sower went forth to sow. The mowers have begun to cut the hay. Robert intends to walk home. Mary had hoped to receive a prize. The knight studied to please the king. The horse wanted to get out. Several boys wished to try. The chairman asked Mr. Jones to speak. Professor Johnson invited Mr. Evans to visit the museum. Do the painters intend to come? Has the child begun to mend? Were the girls pleased to see their mother?

1 From the Latin in, meaning not, and finitum, bounded or limited; the Infinitive is not limited, as Verbs are, to definite assertion, but it expresses action in a general way.