the Objective; as, "Ye shall be named the Priests of the Lord; men shall call you the Ministers of our God.-Isaiah lxi., 6. Careless writers did not observe this distinction. In Shakspere's "Julius Cæsar" (iii.), for instance, we find I do beseech ye if you bear me hard *212. The Pronoun you is sometimes used indefinitely, not referring to any particular person or persons; as, "On those mountain tops you often feel chilly" (that is, one often feels chilly "), "The peasants take off their hats as you pass,' good-for-nothings." "He is one of your lazy *213. They is used indefinitely, meaning people in general; as, "They say the earth was feverous and did shake," "What do they call this village? "There was *214. The Pronoun it is often used indefinitely; as, nothing for it but to swim," "We were hard put to it," to foot it home." "We had *215. The Pronoun it is likewise used in certain expressions, mostly relating to the weather; as, “It is raining,” "It grew cold toward morning," “When it dawned we still had a good breeze.” In such examples as those given in this paragraph and in par. 214, it is said to be used impersonally. 216. It is used to introduce sentences in which the real or logical Subject follows the Predicate; as, "It is sad business, this caring for the wounded." "It is now time to go." "It is hard to live rightly." "It is true that I met him." This is called the preparatory or expletive use of it. In the sentences given it really stands for the words printed in italics. These words are the real or logical Subjects, as we see if we ask "What is sad business?" "What is hard ?" It may in such sentences be called the grammatical Subject, standing for the logical Subject and introducing the Verb. 217. Pronouns may be in Apposition (see pars. 149, 150); thus, "Here is that beggar again, he that I told you of," "I am going to the home of my aunt, her that used to give me the jam and cookies.” 218. The Noun for which a Personal Pronoun stands may appear in the same sentence with the Pronoun, or in some near sentence. This Noun is called the Antecedent' of the Pronoun. Examples: "Your mother said she could not go." "Uncle George, how soon will you be ready?" 219. A Pronoun agrees with its Antecedent in Person, Number, and Gender. 220. In Parsing a Personal Pronoun, say first what it is, then give its Person, Number, and Gender, name its Antecedent if any is expressed, finally give the Case of the Pronoun and the reason for its Case (that is, its relation to other words in the sentence, or, as it is called, the Construction of the Pronoun. (See par. 147, footnote.) Thus, in the sentence, "My brother says the dog followed him home," we parse him: Him, Pronoun, personal; third person, singular number, masculine gender, agreeing with its Antecedent brother; Objective Case, governed by the Verb followed. Exercise 114. Parse the Personal Pronouns in Exercise 111 and in the quotations in paragraphs 203, 207, and 208. 3 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. Work again Exercise 38. 221. A Pronoun is called Reflexive when, being the Ob 1 From the Latin ante, before, and cedent, from p. of cedere, to go; that which goes before. 2 See par. 219. 3 From the Latin re, back, and flexus, p.p. of flectere, to bend. A Reflexive Pronoun is used when the action is, so to speak, bent back upon the Subject, that is when the Subject and the Object denote the same. These are sometimes called Compound Personal Pronouns. ject in a sentence, it stands for the Noun which is the Subject, or for the same Noun as the Pronoun which is the Subject. Examples of Reflexive Pronouns. 222. It will be seen that the Reflexive Pronouns are formed by adding self (Singular) or selves (Plural) to some case of the Personal Pronouns. But the Personal Pronoun alone is sometimes used reflexively. This was more common formerly, especially in poetry. Examples: I thought me richer than the Persian king. - Ben Jonson. I'll lay me down and die.-Ballad. Come, lay thee down.-Lodge. The poor contents him with the care of heaven.-Pope. Exercise 115. a. Pick out the Reflexive Pronouns. I struck myself with the hammer and hurt myself very much. Why do you not wash yourself, you dirty boy? The soldier held himself upright. The cat sees itself in the looking-glass. She almost hates herself for her stupidity. Help yourself and others will help you. The travelers found themselves in the middle of a deep wood. An adder does not sting itself. The jug did not break itself. The giant raised himself slowly. We cannot see ourselves as others see us. b. Supply Reflexive Pronouns. Little Mary burnt ... Frank threw . . . on the ground. The children put. to bed. He rid. of all his enemies. The hunters lost . . . in the forest. Hide . . from the dogs. We laid . . . down on the grass. 223. The Pronouns compounded with self (or selves), besides being used reflexively, are used with Nouns or Personal Pronouns to give greater force to a statement. Thus, "I myself saw it " is a more emphatic sentence than "I saw it." Such Pronouns are parsed as being in Apposition with the Subject. 224. The Pronoun thus used for emphasis may be separated from the word with which it goes. We can, for example, say 66 "John said so himself " or " John himself said so. *225. The Compound Personal Pronouns, especially those of the First Person, are sometimes used as simple Personal Pronouns ; as, "John and myself were both there,' "These flowers were sent to the Clarks and ourselves." In poetry the Compound Pronouns are sometimes, for emphasis, used alone as the Subject; as, have seen it," "Even at the sound himself had made." Myself *226. The Pronoun ourself is occasionally found, generally in the speeches of rulers; as, "We give ourself no little concern respecting our troops in Asia Minor." Exercise 116. a. Pick out the Pronouns used with other words for emphasis. We our I myself shot the rabbit. Tom himself brought the news. selves have seen the wreck. You yourself must come. You yourselves must come. Mary herself made the dress. The dog itself rang the bell. The thieves themselves owned the fact. I bought the book myself. You were asleep yourself. You were asleep yourselves. The men were going themselves. The boy who complained was in fault himself. Jane, also, is writing herself. b. Say whether the compounds of self or selves are used reflexively, emphatically, or as simple Personal Pronouns. I cut myself. I cut the twig myself. I bit myself. I myself bit that. Tom raised himself from the ground. Tom raised the heavy weight himself. Jack struck the first blow himself. Jack struck himself. The The little girl found the little girl lost herself in the crowded streets. thimble herself. We heard ourselves called. rumbling of the earthquake. You must help yourselves. You yourselves must attend. And I myself sometimes despise myself. John and myself have eaten it. This is the fault of yourself alone. Our neighbors and ourselves will care for you. Did you yourself select that? Did you bring it for my sister and myself? RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 227. Here are five pairs of sentences :-' 228. The Noun printed in italics in the second sentence can be replaced by a Personal Pronoun, thus : 229. By using a different kind of Pronoun we can combine the two sentences, thus: That is the boy who broke the window. That is the man whose window was broken. Mary is the girl whom you want. This is the house that Jack built. The knife which was lost cost a dollar. 1 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 324, Note 29. |