Democratic Institutional Design: The Powers and Incentives of Venezuelan Politicians and Interest GroupsStanford University Press, 2000 - Всего страниц: 273 Based on the policy-making structures of Venezuelan government, this book examines the constitutionally allocated powers of the executive and legislature and shows how the powers of each branch are exercised given the incentives established by the electoral system and changing partisan strengths. Several institutional characteristics have led to a passive legislature and an activist chief executive. The advantages presidents enjoy as a result of their constitutional and partisan powers are demonstrated by a wealth of empirical evidence, including records of votes of censure, initiation of legislation, and the use of decree authority. Because of its dominance, the Venezuelan executive branch is the focus of interest-group pressure, which is institutionalized through consultative commissions and a decentralized public administration. The author analyzes memberships of more than 300 advisory commissions and governing boards, revealing the preponderance of posts filled by umbrella agencies for business and labor. The interaction of this limited version of civil society with policy makers in the executive branch has led to a highly protectionist development strategy and excessive government subsidies. The strategy and the political process that made it possible were both exhausted by the end of the 1980s. Venezuela was in political and economic crisis. The author places Venezuela in a comparative context with other Latin American states on three issues: the likelihood that executives will receive disciplined, majority support in the legislature; the constitutional powers of presidents; and the degree to which business and labor are formally incorporated through single peak associations. Participation and policy-making processes vary significantly across Latin American democracies, with few others reaching the level of centralization that has characterized Venezuela. At the other end of the spectrum, some Latin American institutional designs are characterized by diffusion and fragmentation. In conclusion, the author offers a blueprint to modify some of the counterproductive patterns associated with Venezuela, one of the longest-lived but now troubled democracies in Latin America. |
Содержание
The Electoral Systems Impact on the Role of Congress | 41 |
The Initiation of Legislation | 70 |
The Decentralized | 121 |
The Relative | 140 |
The Economic Development Strategy | 155 |
Political Institutions Crisis and Reform | 173 |
Venezuelan Institutional Design in Comparative Perspective | 194 |
The 2000 Constitution | 230 |
References | 249 |
267 | |
Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
activity allocated Article Betancourt Bolivia bureaucratic agencies business and labor businessmen Caldera candidates capital flight capitalists Caracas censure Central Chamber of Deputies changes Chapter civil society closed list Colombia Concertación Congress congressional consultative commissions COPEI CORPOZULIA created defined groups democratic dominance economic electoral system Ernest Bartell ernment executive branch FEDECAMARAS formal Gaceta Oficial governing boards government officials Herrera Campins incentives industry influence institutional design institutionalized interest groups investment issue Latin America legislature Leoni Lusinchi majority ment minister neoliberal nomic noneconomically organized labor partisan party discipline party elites Pérez administration petroleum plurality policy-making process president president's party presidential decree presidential system private capital private-sector reform regime relative participation representation representatives result revenues role seats sectors Shugart single peak association suspended term tion tive Venezuela Venezuelan democracy Venezuelan politics veto vote voters workers