those who went to fight for us and came back, battered and weary and war worn, shattered as never men in large numbers were shattered before; in memoriam of the lads who went to fight for us and come back safe and sound with the spirit which will make our several countries shine in the luster of fame as they never did before or could do without the returned soldiers.

All this in the future

But all this in the future. We have a present day duty to perform towards the soldier and that is to see that none of his dependents, wife, child, mother, father, or any other, shall have less than he could give them when there was no war, yea we must give to make them better off. The child must have everything in the way of education, to fit it for the battle of life, the land can afford. In simple, we must do our duty towards them in the utmost of the state and in appreciation of what the soldier father, son, brother, husband, or whatever the relation is, did for us.

General Wolfe

When General Wolfe climbed the Heights of Abraham, and captured Quebec, he little knew that he had added a new empire of vast and varied extent to the British Crown, which should go on extending and develop ing itself until it should reach the proud position of being the brightest of all the glorious jewels in that Crown; until it became a proud and potential nation within a great empire, until it had become a potential factor in the shaping of the human liberties in a great empire by counsel and influence.

Another Empire

that

And again Wolfe little knew he was practically opening the way for the founding of another empire that would stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the 49th parallel to the Gulf of Mexico, and would control a hundred million people, be the greatest food producing country in the world and be a trader in commerce and all kinds of enterprise.

Spirit of Independence

Wolfe little knew that at victory he set the spirit of independent government aflame in the minds of the Colonials in the New England States, which grew until it became a consuming flame which ended in the Revolution because they would not be taxed without representation. While Wolfe's great victory did all this, it did vastly more because its influence, through the development of the United States, has spread the beacon of liberty in an ever widening sense throughout the wide world until every country and every citizen is calling for the extension and recognition of the cause of the common people. Great nations that were aristocratic one hundred years ago arc today great democracies and great autocracies of yesterday will be the new great democracies of to-morrow. The rising sun of the reign of the common people is mounting into the heavens and people are hailing it with glad acclaim and loud hosannas. The heavy chains of slavery are being removed so that all men shall be able to raise their heads without shame and unabashed in the presence of their fellows everywhere.

The Handwriting on the Wall The Kaiser has, like Belshazzar. seen the handwriting on the wall; he

has been weighed in the balance and found wanting. He knows his doom is sealed and out of his doom shall rise the sun of the reign of the great common people, bringing blessings

and happiness to generations now and yet unborn; the fulfillment of the golden rule and "man to man the world o'er shall brithers be for a' that".

I. Water-pipe.

The great war will inevitably force municipalities into strict economies both during the continuance of the struggle and for years after it. The purpose of this article is to call attention to certain possibilities in saving expense in water-works construction. It is not intended to cover here the entire field of waterworks, but only the pipe system.

A satisfactory and ample public water supply is an economic and also hygienic asset. It saves labor, money and it saves lives. Nothing is more valuable than human life and an entire cessation of waterworks building at this time would be for this reason a blunder.

The dilemma in which a municipality finds itself when a pure water supply must be extended to meet the demands of the citizens and when there are in

sufficient funds to meet the rapidly mounting costs of standard construction may in some cases be met by the utilization of less costly but satisfactory forms of construction which have. proved their worth.

1. Wood pipe in place of Cast

Iron Pipe

Wood pipe in the form of bored logs was used over 200 years ago for water supply; its life was indefinitely long.

Wood kept constantly wet does not deteriorate. Modern wood pipe is built up of staves like a barrel. The staves, however, are of selected wood, free from defects, carefully sawed and milled to fit accurately and tightly together and held in place either by separate steel bands or by spiral wire. or band winding. Redwood, fir, and pine are the principal woods used, the former two being used in western practice and the latter in the east.

The experience gained from the use of many miles of such pipe under many conditions, both above and below ground, has been quite diverse. Some wood pipe has gone to pieces in five to eight years where laid in wet porous soil and built of poor material and carelessly laid, and some pipe, built of properly inspected selected wood, carefully laid in compact soil and subject to continuous use, has been found after twenty-five years service to be practically as sound as when laid.

The larger sizes of wood pipe, from twelve inches and upward may be secured in the type bound by steel bands. This is known as the continuous wood-stave pipe as it is built in the trench, the stavs, bands, and other accessories coming to the work separate. The staves are placed between a removable form inside and the bands on the outside. When the

staves have been placed entirely around the circumference the bands are cinched by means of a shoe of malleable iron which holds the ends of the band. The thickness of stave and the size and spacing of bands are calculated on the basis of the water pressure to be carried. The staves are milled at the ends to fit into one another and staggered, hence the name "continuous." There are no "joints." Proper allowance for water hammer or other excessive `pressures must be made. Redwood is usually untreated. Fir or pine may or may not be coated with asphaltic paint.

For municipalities of less than 20,000 population, the spiral bound stave pipe is the type which would naturally be used. It may be obtained in sizes from two inches to 48 inches internal diameter. This pipe is made up in lengths from eight to twenty feet in the factory. The staves are set up and the wire or steel band is wound by machine, a tension of about 25,000 lbs. per square inch being kept on it during the winding. The wire should be galvanized in accordance with the best practice, since that is necessary to prevent corrosion. After the pipe has been thus put together it is heavily coated with asphalt and rolled in sawdust for protection in shipping and handling during construction. It is particularly important that the pipes and especially the wire should not suffr injury; and chipping of the galvanizing of the wire is apt to result in corrosion and subsequent failure of the pipe.

At bends or turns in the pipe, the ordinary cast-iron specials may be used and the wood pipe caulked into them; gate valves are connected in the same

way. In some cases a welded steel sleeve has been used.

The successive lengths of pipe may be joined by a special ring or collar. made in the same way as the pipe itself, but somewhat larger, or they may be rabbited and fitted tightly together by ramming. In some cases a circular metal plate has been inserted into the ends of the pipe which are then butted together. Incipient failure has often been found at the joints, but this may be prevented by care in construction or by treating the ends of the pipe or collar.

An ordinary eight inch cast-iron pipe in an eight foot trench would cost in 1917 in Minnesota approximately $2.23 per foot, an eight inch wood-pipe in the same trench would cost approximately $1.15 per foot. The inclusion of gates and cast-iron specials would make the saving in cost somewhat less than this. although in any considerable quantity the saving would be very large.

2. Joints in Cast-Iron Pipe The leakage from the joints of the average water distribution system is large. Eminent authorities have placed value of the annual loss of water in the United States at a minimum of about $4,000,000 and a possible maximum of $22,000,000. This, however, does not condemn the usual lead joint; the leakage is due to poor workmanship.

It is, possible however, to make the joints of cheaper material and with no more care than is necessary with lead joints, and to make them equally satisfactory.

The cement joint has been used on the Pacific coast for many years, it is now the standard in some cities, among them Los Angeles. In order to make a successful joint the bell

jointed and the middle lengths later left unsupported were found superior to lead. The cost of lead for a lead joint in an eight inch pipe will be about $1.20, of cement about two and one half cents.

should be covered with moist earth. The joint should then stand at least 48 hours without pressure from water in the pipe.

Such joints have been tested up to 300 lbs. per sq. inch, which is much greater than any ordinary joint will have to stand. In fact some tests in which several lengths of pipe were

Leadite, which is a patented compound consisting partly of lead, but

lead, has been extensively used and some of the better class of waterworks superintendents endorse its use. It costs somewhat less than half as much as lead and it possesses some advantages over lead, in that it has a lower melting point, has no dross to collect, and requires no caulking, which enables a saving in time of construction.

It was a large and good attendance we had at the St. Cloud Convention. Mayor Hardie, of Lethbridge, Canada, found it surprisingly large for a state convention. And he found it surprisingly good also in the character of the program and the spirit of the delegates. As an index of the League's vitality the Fifth Annual Convention. points to a continued growth in numbers and importance of the League.

The convention opened Wednesday morning in the St. Cloud Institute, a magnificent community building whichi furnished ideal accommodations for the sessions of the convention. Mayor Freeman of St. Cloud read an address of welcome, to which the League the League through President O. H. O'Neill responded. The President's address, the report of the Secretary-Treasurer, and the report of the Executive Committee were all that could be done before it

was necessary to adjourn for lunch. The Question Box Committee, the Auditing Committee, and the Resolutions Committee were appointed immediately after the opening of the afternoon session.

Two variations from the afternoon program as scheduled occured in it as given. Rt. Rev. Joseph F. Busch of the Diocese of St. Cloud, who presented the Institute building to the community, addressed the delegates at at the opening session. The second variation was due to delayed trains which kept Mayor Hardie from arriving until the second day of the convention.

The afternoon session was well attended, and lasted until six o'clock, when a cafeteria supper was served the delegates in the Institute. Needless to say this was one of the most popular features of the convention. After the delegates had eaten they went out