a rugged pass; three miles farther is Dug Gap, affording a good passage for an army. This was easily defended, and held by Gen. Bragg. Two and a half miles farther is Catlet's, through which runs a mountain stream and a good road; this was also held by Gen. Bragg. Two miles farther is Worthing, a rough road over the mountain, and impassable for artillery. Wicker is a good wagon road, where the mountain has diminished to a hill; a mile and a half beyond, an undulating country commences. The country lying between Pigeon and Lookout mountains is called McLemore's Cove, as above stated, about twenty miles long and eight broad. West of Pigeon mountain is Chickamauga valley, which separates it from Missionary ridge, a mere range of hills, and west of which is another valley separating the latter from Lookout mountain. This last range runs up within two miles of Chattanooga, and terminates abruptly at the Tennessee river, with a bluff two thousand feet high.

At the time of the repulse of Gen. Negley was the most favorable moment for Gen. Bragg to attack Gen. Rosecrans. The corps of Gen. McCook was separated from Gen. Thomas by a march of nearly three days. Gen. Crittenden could not reënforce Gen. Thomas without exposing Chattanooga, and Gen. Thomas could not move to Gen. Crittenden's position without exposing Gen. McCook. Slow as Gen. Bragg was in collecting his forces and advancing, the great battle which followed was begun before Gen. Rosecrans had recovered from the results of the position of his forces. Gen. McCook joined Gen. Thomas on the 17th, with his weary troops, and as heavy clouds of dust were discovered on Pigeon mountain by the signal officers, his corps and the right of the centre were formed into line of battle, which was maintained all the afternoon in McLemore's Cove. As the morning of the 18th broke, gray and chilly, the troops were ordered on the march. Gen. Thomas's corps pressed on toward Gordon's Mills, and Gen. McCook's moved up directly in his rear. At Gordon's Mills, Gen. Ward was stationed with two brigades. During the forenoon of this day. Gen. Granger, situated on the left of Gen. Ward, made a reconnoissance across the Chickamauga at Reid's bridge, with two brigades, and ascertained beyond a doubt that Gen. Longstreet's corps had joined Gen. Bragg. Cols. Minty and Wilder were sent with their commands, the former to watch Ringgold road crossing, and the latter to resist any advance from Napier Gap. Early in the afternoon the enemy made an attack from the two roads. Heavy cannonading ensued, but Cols. Minty and Wilder held their ground gallantly until a body of the enemy's infantry, having crossed at one of the several fords in the river, was fast gaining their rear, when they were compelled to retire. This proved to be the extreme left of the enemy.

Toward evening, Gen. McCook's corps pitched their tents at Lee's Mills, in McLemore's

Cove; but hardly was this done before an order from Gen. Rosecrans directed them to move northward to Pond Spring, seventeen miles south of Chattanooga. Wearied as were the men, they marched silently and without straggling. All night there was a constant rumbling of wagons, and a ceaseless tread of troops. Gen. Crittenden being ahead of Gen. Thomas, had thrown Gen. Van Cleve's division on the left of Gen. Wood at Gordon's Mills, and Gen. Palmer's on his right, Gen. Thomas pushed still farther to the left. Gen. Johnson's two brigades were given to Gen. Thomas, and posted on Gen. Van Cleve's left, while Gen. Negley, who was already in position at Owen's Gap, a short distance south of Crawfish Spring, thirteen miles from Chattanooga, was ordered to remain there, and temporarily attached to Gen. McCook's corps.

The operations of the Confederate army up to this time had been as follows: In consequence of the flank movement of Gen. Rosecrans on the right of Gen. Bragg, in the month of June, the latter retreated from Shelbyville and Tullahoma toward Chattanooga, which was occupied in the first week of July. The brigade of Gen. Anderson, of Gen. Polk's corps, was ordered to Bridgeport for purposes of observation. The remainder of the corps of Gen. Polk was retained in and around Chattanooga; and Gen. Hardee's corps was distributed along the line of the railroad to Knoxville, with Tyner's Station, nine miles from Chattanooga, as the centre. The headquarters of Gen. Bragg were at Chattanooga. On the 21st of August the corps of Gen. Crittenden succeeded in reaching the town with artillery, from the heights overlooking the Tennessee river and the town. This bombardment was regarded by the enemy as announcing that Gen. Rosecrans's plans were completed and about to be executed. The effect was to cause the removal of Gen. Bragg's headquarters beyond the range of fire, and the removal of stores to points of convenience on the railroad in the rear, and the withdrawal of Gen. Anderson from Bridgeport. In consequence of the advance of Gen. Burnside into East Tennessee, the Confederate Gen. Buckner was now ordered to evacuate Knoxville and occupy Loudon; and in consequence of a demonstration reported to have been made by Gen. Rosecrans at Blythe's Ferry, on the Tennessee river, opposite the mouth of the Hiawas see, he was further ordered to fall back from Loudon to Charleston, and, soon after, to the vicinity of Chattanooga. On the 1st of September, Gen. Bragg was informed of the crossing of Gen. Rosecrans at Caperton's Ferry for three days, and that he was moving across Sand mountain, in the direction of Wills's valley and Trenton. This report was regarded by him as incredible, but soon after confirmed by the occupation of Trenton by Federal cavalry and by its advance up the Wills's valley railroad in the direction of Chattanooga as far as Wauhatchee, within seven miles, as a covering

force to the advance of the infantry column at Trenton.

The following topographical view will assist in the comprehension of the subsequent movements: Chattanooga is situated on the Tennessee river, at the mouth of the Chattanooga valley-a valley following the course of the Chattanooga creek, and formed by Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge. East of Missionary ridge, and running parallel with it, is another valley-Chickamauga valley-following the course of Chickamauga creek, which, like the Chattanooga creek, discharges its waters into the Tennessee river-the first above, and the last below the town of Chattanooga, and has with it a common source in McLemore's Cove, the common head of both valleys, and formed by Lookout mountain on the west and Pigeon mountain to the east. Wills's valley is a narrow valley, lying to the west of Chattanooga, formed by Lookout mountain and Sand mountain, and traversed by a railroad, which takes its name from the valley, and which, branching from the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad, where the latter crosses the valley, has its present terminus at Trenton, and future at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The distance of Bridgeport from Chattanooga is twenty-eight miles, of Caperton's Ferry about forty, and of Trenton something over twenty. Ringgold is eighteen miles from Chattanooga, on the Georgia State road, and Dalton some forty, at the point where the Georgia State road connects with the East Tennessee railroad. Rome is sixty-five miles southwest of Chattanooga, on the Coosa river, at the point of confluence of the Etowah and Oostenaula. The wagon road from Chattanooga to Rome, known as the Lafayette road, crosses Missionary ridge into Chickamauga valley at Rossville, and, proceeding in a southwesterly direction, crosses Chickamauga creek, eleven miles from Chattanooga, at Lee's and Gordon's Mills, and, passing to the east of Pigeon mountain, goes through Lafayette, distant some twenty-two miles from Chattanooga, and Summerville, within twenty-five miles of Rome. From Caperton's Ferry there is a road leading over Sand mountain into Wills's valley at Trenton, and from Trenton to Lafayette and Dalton, over Lookout mountain, through Cooper's and Stevens's Gap into McLemore's Cove, and over Pigeon mountain by Plug Gap. The road from Trenton, following Wills's valley, exposed, by easy communications, Rome, and, through it, Western Georgia and Eastern Alabama, with easy access to the important central positions, Atlanta and Selma.

Gen. Bragg, believing that a flanking movement was the object of Gen. Rosecrans by his advance on the left, ordered Lieut.-Gen. Hill, on Monday, September 7th, to move with his corps toward Lafayette, Gen. Polk to Lee's and Gordon's Mills, and Maj.-Gen. Buckner, with the Army of East Tennessee, and Maj.-Gen. Walker, with his division from the Army of Mississippi, to concentrate at Lafayette, and

Brig.-Gen. Pegram to cover the railroad with his cavalry. These dispositions having been made of the Confederate forces, Maj.-Gen. Crittenden, commanding the left wing of the Fed eral army, which had not moved with the right and centre, but had been left in the Sequatchie valley, crossed the Tennessee river at the mouth of Battle creek, and moved upon Chattanooga. Maj.-Gen. McCook, commanding the right wing, was thrown forward to threaten Rome, and the corps of Maj.-Gen. Thomas was put in motion over Lookout mountain, in the direction of Lafayette.

A charge of incapacity was subsequently made against Gen. Bragg, because he did not at this time fall upon Gen. Thomas with such a force as would have crushed him; then turned down Chattanooga valley, throwing himself between the town and Gen. Crittenden, and crushed him; then passed back between Lookout mountain and the Tennessee river into Wills's valley, and cut off Gen. McCook's retreat to Bridgeport; thence moved along the Cumberland into the rear of Gen. Burnside, and defeated him. But Gen. Bragg now threw a force forward into McLemore's Cove, which resisted the advance of Gen. Thomas, as above stated. It was on such a limited scale as only to check this advance, and was thence withdrawn to Lafayette. Within thirty-six hours after this force retired, Gen. Rosecrans had recalled Gen. McCook, and concentrated him with Gen. Thomas in McLemore's Cove. Meantime, Gen. Crittenden, after occupying Chattanooga, did not stop to fortify it, but moved on toward Ringgold to cut off Gen. Buckner, who was understood to be moving to the support of Gen. Bragg. On reaching the point on the Georgia railroad at which Ğen. Buckner crossed, and discovering that he was too late, he turned toward Lafayette to follow him. Moving up the Chickamauga, on the east side, he was confronted by a force of Confederate cavalry under Gens. Pegram and Armstrong, which retired before him until supported by a large body of infantry, when Gen. Crittenden, declining a battle, fell back on the Chickamauga, and crossed at Gordon's Mills. This brought the whole of Gen. Rosecrans's force on the west side of the Chickamauga within easy supporting distance.

Gen. Bragg now moved his army by divisions, and crossed the Chickamauga at several fords and bridges north of Gordon's Mills, up to which he ordered the Virginia troops, which had crossed many miles below, and near to which he attempted to concentrate. At this time the right of Gen. Rosecrans really rested on Gordon's Mills. Gen. Thomas had moved on until his left division, under Gen. Brannan, covered the Rossville road. Gen. Baird was on Gen. Brannan's right, then followed successively Gens. Johnson's, Reynolds's, Palmer's, and Van Cleve's divisions. Gen. Wood covered Gordon's Mills ford. Gen. Negley, four miles farther south, held Owen's Gap. Gens. Davis

and Sheridan were on the march south of Gen. Negley. Gen. Wilder, with four regiments and a light battery, was posted at the right, near Gordon's Mills. Gen. Gordon Granger's forces were held in reserve some distance back on the Rossville road. Such was the position on Saturday, the 19th. The battle which now ensued opened about ten o'clock. The first attack of the enemy was upon the left wing of Gen. Rosecrans, which the enemy endeavored to turn, so as to occupy the road to Chattanooga. But all their efforts for this object failed. The centre was next assailed and temporarily driven back, but, being promptly reenforced, maintained its ground. As night approached, the battle ceased and the combatants rested on their arms. Gen. Bragg now issued an order dividing the forces of his army into two corps or wings. The right was placed under the command of Lieut.-Gen. Polk, and the left under Lieut.-Gen. Longstreet. The former was composed of Lieut.-Gen. Hill's corps of two divisions, under Maj.-Gen. Cleburn and Maj.Gen. Breckinridge; with the division of Maj.Gen. Cheatham, of Lieut.-Gen. Polk's corps, and the division of Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker. The left was composed of the divisions of Maj.-Gen. Stewart, and Brig.-Gens. Preston Johnston, of Maj.-Gen. Buckner's corps; with Maj.-Gen. Hindman's, of Lieut.-Gen. Polk's corps, and Gens. Benning's and Lane's and Robertson's brigades of Maj.-Gen. Hood's division, and Gens. Kershaw's and Humphrey's, of Maj.-Gen. McLaws's division. The front line of the right wing consisted of three divisions, Breckinridge's, Cleburn's, and Cheatham's, which were posted from right to left in the order named. Maj.-Gen. Walker was in reserve. The line of the left wing was composed of Stewart's, Hood's, Hindman's, and Preston's divisions, from right to left, in the order named.

Toward morning of the next day the army of Gen. Rosecrans changed its position slightly to the rear, and contracted the extended lines of the previous day. Trains were moving northward on all the roads in the rear of Chattanooga, and the wounded were taken from the hospitals, which had become exposed by the concentration of the forces to the left. Gen. Thomas still held the left, with the divisions of Gens. Palmer and Johnson attached to his corps and thrown in the centre. Gen. Brannan was retired slightly, with his regiments arrayed in echelon. Gen. Van Cleve was held in reserve on the west side of the first road in the rear of the line. Gens. Wood, Davis, and Sheridan followed next, the latter being on the extreme left. Gen. Lytle occupied an isolated position at Gordon's Mills.

Orders were given by Gen. Bragg to Lieut.Gen. Polk to commence the attack at daylight on the next morning. These orders were immediately issued by him; but prior to giving the order to move forward to the attack in the morning, Gen. Polk discovered that, owing to a want of precaution, a portion of the left wing,

amounting to a whole division, had been formed in front of his line, and that if the order to make the attack at daylight was obeyed, this division must inevitably be slaughtered. The battle was finally opened about half past nine A. M., by a forward movement of Gen. Breckinridge, accompanied by Gen. Cleburn,_against the left and centre of Gen. Rosecrans. Division after division was pushed forward to assist the attacking masses of the enemy, but without success. The ground was held by Gen. Thomas for more than two hours. Meantime, as Gen. Reynolds was sorely pressed, Gen. Wood was ordered, as he supposed, to march instantly by the left flank, pass Gen. Brannan, and go to the relief of Gen. Reynolds, and that Gens. Davis and Sheridan were to shift over to the left, and close up the line. Gen. Rosecrans reports that the order was to close up on Gen. Reynolds. Gen. Wood says that Gen. Brannan was in line between his and Gen. Reynolds's division.

A gap was thus formed in the line of battle, of which the enemy took advantage, and, striking Gen. Davis in his flank and rear, threw his whole division into confusion. Passing through this break in Gen. Rosecrans's line, the enemy cut off his right and centre, and attacked Gen. Sheridan's division, which was advancing to the support of the left. After a brave but fruitless effort against this torrent of the enemy, he was compelled to give way, but afterward rallied a considerable portion of his force, and by a circuitous route joined Gen. Thomas, who had now to breast the tide of battle against the whole army of the enemy. The right and part of the centre had been completely broken, and fled in confusion from the field, carrying with them to Chattanooga their commanders, Gens. McCook and Crittenden, and also Gen. Rosecrans, who was on that part of the line. Gen. Garfield, his chief of staff, however, made his way to the left and joined Gen. Thomas, who still retained his position. His ranks had now assumed a crescent form, with his flanks supported by the lower spurs of the mountain, and here, "like a lion at bay, he repulsed the terrible assaults of the enemy."

About half past three P. M., the enemy discovered a gap in the hills, in the rear of the right flank of Gen. Thomas, and Gen. Longstreet commenced pressing his columns through the passage. At this time, Maj.-Gen. Granger, who had been posted with his reserves to cover the left and rear, arrived on the field. He instantly attacked the forces of Gen. Longstreet, with Gen. Steadman's brigade of cavalry. The conflict at this point is thus described by Gen. Halleck: "In the words of Gen. Rosecrans's report, 'swift was the charge, and terrible the conflict; but the enemy was broken.' A thousand of our brave men killed and wounded paid for its possession; but we held the gap. Two divisions of Longstreet's corps confronted the position. Determined to take it, they suc

cessively came to the assault. A battery of six guns placed in the gorge poured death and slaughter into them. They charged within a few yards of the pieces, but our grape and canister, and the leaden hail of musketry, delivered in sparing but terrible volleys, from cartridges taken in many instances from the boxes of their fallen companions, was too much even for Longstreet's men. About sunset they made their last charge, when our men, being out of ammunition, moved on them with the bayonet, and they gave way, to return no more. In the mean time the enemy made repeated attempts to carry Gen. Thomas's position on the left and front, but were as often thrown back with great loss. At nightfall the enemy fell back beyond the range of our artillery, leaving Gen. Thomas victorious on his hard-fought field."

During the night Gen. Thomas fell back to Rossville, leaving the dead and most of the wounded in the hands of the enemy. Gen. Sheridan, who had been cut off by the advance of the enemy, as he was upon the extreme right, gathered his brigades and struck across Missionary Ridge directly to the west. The enemy were in possession of the country north of him. As he reached the top of the ridge, he caused the "assembly" to be blown, and picked up all the stragglers from the other divisions that he could find. He had lost three pieces of artillery, but in his progress met a whole battery which had been abandoned, and took it in charge. Passing the enemy's flank, and regaining the road on the ridge, he turned east through Rossville, and, without halting, reenforced Gen. Thomas at midnight. The position near Rossville was held during Monday without serious molestation, and in the night the force was withdrawn to Chattanooga.

The loss of Gen. Rosecrans in these battles was 1,644 killed, 9,262 wounded, and 4,945 missing, which, with a cavalry loss of 1,000, makes 16,851. In material, his loss was 36 guns, 20 caissons, 8,450 small arms, and 5,834 infantry accoutrements. He captured 2,003 prisoners. The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, and missing, was reported at 18,000. After Gen. Rosecrans's retreat to Chattanooga, he withdrew his forces from the passes of Lookout Mountain, which covered his line of supplies from Bridgeport. These were im

mediately occupied by the enemy, who also sent a cavalry force across the Tennessee above Chattanooga, which destroyed a large wagon train in the Sequatchie valley, captured McMinnsville and other points on the railroad, and thus almost completely cut off the supplies of Gen. Rosecrans's army. The line of the railroad at this time was well defended. The enemy's cavalry were attacked by Col. McCook, at Anderson's cross roads, on the 2d of October, by Gen. Mitchell, at Shelbyville, on the 6th, and by Gen. Crook, at Farmington, on the 8th. On October 2d, Gen. Rosecrans issued an order, of which the following is an extract:

Army of the Cumberland: You have made a grand and successful campaign; you have driven the rebels from Middle Tennessee. You crossed a great mountain range, placed yourselves on the banks of a broad river, crossed it in the face of a powerful, opposing army, and crossed two other great mountain ranges at the only practicable passes, some forty miles between extremes. You concentrated in the face of superior numbers; fought the combined armies of Bragg, which you drove from Shelbyville to Tullahoma, of Johnston's army from Mississippi, and the tried veterans of Longstreet's corps, and for two with heavy interest. When the day closed you held days held them at bay, giving them blow for blow, the field, from which you withdrew, in the face of overpowering numbers, to occupy the point for which you set out-Chattanooga.

paign; you hold the key of East Tennessee, of NorthYou have accomplished the great work of the camern Georgia, and of the enemy's mines of coal and nitre. Let these achievements console you for the regret you experience that arrivals of fresh hostile troops forbade your remaining on the field to renew dead, and caring for your brave companions who lay the battle, for the right of burying your gallant wounded on the field.

When it was known at Washington that Gen. Longstreet's corps had probably gone to the aid of Gen. Bragg, the authorities ordered to Tennessee the forces of Gen. Grant at Vicksburg, and also appointed him to the command of the forces in the field in Tennessee. Before information was received in reply from Gen. Grant, who was at New Orleans, Gen. Hooker was, on the 23d of September, sent to Tennessee, in command of the Eleventh and Twelfth corps of the Army of the Potomac, which were detached for that object. They were assigned to protect General Rosecrans's line of communication from Bridgeport to Nashville.

On the 18th of October, Gen. Grant having arrived at Louisville, Ky., assumed command of the consolidated Departments of Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio, by order of the President.

The Department of Ohio had comprised the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Western Virginia, and Kentucky, east of the Tennessee River, including Cumberland Gap,