214. State Institutions.-The State University, which dedicated its first building in 1866, in 1873 opened its main building, considered, at the time, one of the finest structures devoted to educational uses in

the United States.

The State Normal School completed a new building in 1872. The State Agricultural College removed to a point nearer Manhattan in 1873. The State did not, in its earliest years, neglect the criminal and deficient population, since, between its organization and the year 1870, it expended over $400,000 upon the penitentiary. The Insane Asylum, at Topeka, was added to the State institutions in 1875.

215. Election and Appointment.-Alexander Caldwell was chosen United States Senator by the Legislature of 1871. Mr. Caldwell resigned March 24, 1873, and Governor Osborn appointed Robert Crozier to fill the vacancy. The Legislature also re-elected S. S. Prouty State Printer.

216. Election of 1872.-At the election of 1872, Thomas A. Osborn was chosen Governor; E. S. Stover, Lieutenant-Governor; W. H. Smallwood, Secretary of State; D. W. Wilder, Auditor; J. E. Hayes, Treasurer; A. L. Williams, Attorney-General; H. D. McCarty, Superintendent of Public Instruction; Samuel A. Kingman, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

217. Increased Representation.-Up to the year 1872, the State of Kansas had but one Representative in Congress, the office being filled successively by Martin F.

Conway, A. Carter Wilder, Sidney Clarke, and D. P. Lowe. Under the census of 1870, the State became entitled to three Representatives in Congress, and in November, 1872, D. P. Lowe, of Fort Scott, William A. Phillips, of Salina, and Stephen A. Cobb, of Wyandotte, were elected from the State at large.

218. Railways in Kansas.-On the 1st of September, 1870, the Kansas Pacific, originally called the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division, ånd begun at the Kansas State line in Wyandotte in 1863, reached Denver, being the first railroad to cross Kansas from east to west. The first locomotive for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, the "C. K. Holliday," reached Topeka in March, 1869.

219. Kansas Invitation.-With the construction of these railroads, with their enormous land grants to be disposed of, ensued several years of such "bold advertisement" as Kansas had never before received. The agents of the land departments of the great railroad companies visited Great Britain and the Continent; offices for the dissemination of information were opened in every important city in the United States and Europe. The buffalo head, the especial symbol of the Kansas Pacific, became visible in the most distant capitals; the advantages of the Santa Fe" and its lands were set forth in all modern languages. All distinguished representatives of foreign nations were invited to join excursions through Kansas, and among these came the Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia, and his suite, and were welcomed by Governor Harvey and the Legislature at Topeka. The members of the press of the United States and of the world were cordially invited, and Kansas travelers, in remote regions of Europe, often

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found local communities greatly excited and interested over the advent of a Kansas newspaper, describing the lands of the Great West ready and waiting for the settler.

220. Colonization.-A favorite method of disposing of the lands was in large tracts to "colonies." In 1871 the Kansas Pacific sold to a Swedish colony, in Saline county, 22,000 acres; to a Scotch colony, in Dickinson county, 47,000 acres; to an English colony, in Clay county, 32,000 acres, and to a Welsh colony, in Riley county, 19,000 acres. In 1873, George Grant, of England, purchased of the Kansas Pacific Company 50,000 acres in the eastern portion of Ellis county, with the design of colonizing English people of means.

221. The Mennonites.-With the addition of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company to the land-selling corporations, came vigorous efforts to induce emigration from Europe. Mr. C. B. Schmidt, on behalf of the company, traversed the Russian empire, carefully watched by the emissaries of the Government, and opened up communication with the Mennonite communities in Southern Russia, whose thoughts had been turned toward emigration to America by the proposed revocation, by the Czar's Government, of the privileges under which their fathers had settled in Russia.

In August, 1873, five leaders of these people (kindred in race and religion to the founders of Germantown and other early German settlements in Pennsylvania) visited the counties of Harvey, Sedgwick, Reno, Marion and McPherson, to select lands for a colony from Russia. The Legislature of 1874, mindful of the peaceful principles of the colonists, passed an act exempting Mennonites and Friends

from military duty. In September, 1874, 1,600 Mennonites arrived at Topeka from Russia. In October the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Company sold them 100,000 acres of land in Harvey, Marion and Reno. The following summer they were living in their villages of Gnadenau and Hoffnungsthal, in Marion county, and located on their farms about.

222. Their Settlement.-In July, 1877, it was estimated that 6,000 Mennonites had settled in the Arkansas valley. Though for a time popularly called "Russians," they were Germans in language and lineage. They brought with them from Russia the apricot and mulberry. and also brought what they had retained in Russia, the German thrift, industry, and belief in popular and universal education. They abandoned, after a brief trial, the village and "common field" idea under which they lived in Russia, and absorbed the American idea of individual ownership and control. They have taken part in all the business life of the communities amid which they came to dwell, they have become prominent in it, and have distinguished themselves by their attachment to the cause of education, fostering higher schools of their own, and patronizing the State University and other educational institutions of the first rank. The Mennonite immigration continued for several years; the immigrants coming directly from Russia and Germany to the place where they would be.

223. Russian Immigration. In the years 1875-'76-'77 a large "Russian" immigration settled, under the auspices of the Kansas Pacific, in Ellis county. These people, divided into five settlements named after cities and towns in Russia; adhered to some extent to the village system, almost universal among the agricultural population of Russia, and to