withoute Newporte Gate, the diches whereof yet remayne, and great tokens of the old towne waulles, buildid with stone taken oute of y diche by it; for at the top of Lincoln hille is quarre ground. This is now a suburbe to Newport Gate, in the which now is no notable thing, but the ruines. of the house of the Augustine freres on the south side, and a paroch chirch of the est side; and not far from the chirch garth apperith a great ruine of a towr in the old towne waulle. Sum say that this old Lincoln was destroied by King Stephen, but I thinke rather by the Danes. Much Romaine money is found yn the north (feildes) beyond this old Lincoln. After the destruction of this old Lincolo, men began to fortifie the souther parte of the hille, new diching, waulling, and gating it; and so was new Lincoln made out of a pece of old Lincoln by the Saxons.

"The third building of later tymes was in Wikirford, for commodite of water; and this parte is enwallid wher it is not defendid with the ryver and marish ground. The river of Lindis fleateth a litle above Lincoln towne, and maketh certain pooles, whereof one is called Swanne poole."

up

Of the CASTLE, built by the Conqueror, little now remains; and the area is occupied by buildings appropriated to uses of the municipal power. The few remaining vestiges convey the same idea of original Norman architecture as that of York, erected nearly at the same period. The Keep was not included, but stood half without and half within the castle wall, which ascended the slopes of the hill, and joined the great tower. This being situated on a high artificial mount, it was equally inaccessible from within and without the castle area. It was nearly round, covering the summit of the mount; and was thus rendered a distinct stronghold, tenable with or without the castle. This accounts for the circumstance mentioned by Lord Lyttleton, of the Earl of Chester making his escape, while the castle was invested by Stephen. From the Keep to another tower, placed also on an artificial mount, was a covered way, by which a private communication was kept up. The walls are above seven feet thick;

and

and under the place of ascent from the covered way, there is something like the remains of a well, protected by the massy thickness of the walls. The outer walls of the castle inclose a very large area, the entrance to which was by a gateway, between two small round towers, still standing, under a large square tower, which contained magnificent rooms. In one corner of the area is a curious small building, appearing on the outside like a tower, called Cobs-hall; which Mr. King thinks originally was used as a chapel; "having a fine vaulted roof, richly ornamented, and supported by pillars, with a crypt underneath; and adjoining it a small antichapel." The pillars were so placed against the loop-holes through which the light was admitted, that they proved a defence against missive weapons. On the north western side are the remains of a turret, having the curious arch mentioned by Sir Henry Englefield, which being in the line of the Roman wall, might have belonged to a more ancient building, or been a gateway to the old city. Within the area of tlie castle are the county gaol and shire-hrall, both modern structures, and well adapted to their respective purposes.

Few places in the kingdom exhibit so many ancient remains as Lincoln. Saxon, Norman, and pointed arches; and door-ways with turrets, walls, mullioned windows, and other fragments of old dilapidated buildings, appear in every di rection. Its numerous churches, and religious houses, the ves tiges of which occasionally meet the eye of the enquiring traveller, are numerous; and though they are highly interesting to the antiquary, as tending to illustrate the progress of the arts, and the history of past ages, yet a description of them all would take up more room than can be allowed consistently with the plan of the present work.

The Mint-wall, mentioned by Mr. Gough, is still remaining, and forms part of the inclosure of a garden, belonging to the present Rector of St. Paul's. It is annexed to the duchy of Lancaster.

Chequer or Exchequer Gate, at the west end of the cathedral, had

two

two gate houses; the western one was taken down about ten years ago. That to the east still remains, and has three gateways, vaulted with brick, and two turrets between them. In Eastgate Street are two very ancient gateways, one of which is nearly entire.

At the bottom of the town, near to Brayford water, are yet the remains of a fort, called Lucy Tower, whence, by a subterraneous passage, a communication is traditionally said to have been formed with the castle. Near the remains of a chapel, called St. Giles's, on the top of the hill, in an adjoining close, is an entrance to a subterraneous passage, vulgarly called St. Giles's Hole; how far it extends has not been ascertained. In and about the city are several of these passages through the rocks.

At the north east corner of the minster yard is a large gateway, with a groove for a portcullis; and near it a smaller one, leading to a house called the Priory. The greater portion of this house is modern; but on the north side is an ancient tower of three stories, much defaced, which, from its situation on the town wall, appears rather to have been a military than a religious building. The most singular feature is in the south wall; it resembles a niched tomb, about three feet six inches in length, and over it is a recess, having an ornamented architrave, the jambs of which are curiously carved; at the back is the appearance of an aperture, now blocked up, if it was ever pierced through, like the mouth of an oven.

Following the close-wall eastward are two castellets, or watch towers, each of which had two floors, the lower ones vaulted, and surmounted with flat roofs; they have battlements, and the walls are pierced with loop holes. These stand at the corners of the chancellor's garden. From the eastern of these towers the wall returns to Pottergate, the south front of which is much defaced, but the north front is tolerably perfect, embattled, and handsome. This gate is supposed to have taken the name from a Roman pottery once here. The Priory Gate, the two towers of the Chancellor's garden, and Pottergate, are of similar architecture, and of a synchronical

VOL. IX.

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synchronical date, apparently about the end of the fourteenth, or beginning of the fifteenth century.

A house of a Mr. Nelson, on the south side of the vicar's court, has a castellated appearance, and is very ancient. It seems to be in the style of Edward the First's time. In the windows are the arms of the see, handsomely emblazoned in painted glass.

The Grey Friars, situated on the west side of Broadgate, is a large oblong building, the lower story of which lies some feetunder the surface of the ground. It is vaulted throughout, with a plain groined roof, supported by octagonal columns, having plain bases, and neat capitals. On the south side is a row of pointed windows, with buttresses between them. The old staircase, with its large awkward steps, is curious. The upper story

has a mullioned window at the east end, and a cieling of wood, in the herring bone fashion. Part of this, which was the chapel, is used as a free school, and the other as a library. It was given to the city, and fitted up for this purpose, by Robert Monson, Esq. A. D. 1567. Under it is a school for spinning; and in front is the sheep market.

The DEANRY was founded by Dean, afterwards Bishop, Gravesend in 1254. The gate-house of it was built by Dean Fleming, whose arms are on it. The front, next the minster, has the initials of Roger Parker over the bow window, and the date 1616. To this adjoins an ancient building, called the Works Chantry, till 1321 the chancellor's house, when the present residence was assigned to chancellor Beke. It was afterwards the habitation of four chantry priests, who were to celebrate daily mass for the souls of the founders and benefactors.

The VICAR'S COLLEGE, now called the Old Vicars, formed a quadrangle, of which at present there remains only four good houses, inhabited by the vicars. The gateway is ornamented with the old arms of France and England, quarterly between a cross botone, and a fess between six cross crosslets. This col

lege,

lege, Gough says, "was begun by Bishop Sutton, whose executors finished the hall, kitchen, and several chambers. But the style of building would induce me to refer it to a later period. Edward the Third was the first of our kings who quartered the arms of France with those of England. Bishop Sutton, therefore, probably was not the founder, as he died in 1299. The long building below the quadrangle, now divided into stables and hay-lofts, seems to have been built by Bishop Alnwick, and John Breton, prebendary of Sutton cum Bucks; the Bishop's arms, A, a cross moline, S, and the rebus Bre on a tun, being on the east end."

The BISHOP'S PALACE, on the south side of the hill, which, from being situated on the summit, Leland described as "hanging in declivio," was built by Bishop Chesney, to whom the site was granted by King Henry the Second, and enlarged by succeeding prelates. This, when entire, was a noble structure, and scarcely exceeded in grandeur by any of our ancient castles. It was completely repaired by Bishop Williams, prior to the civil war, during which unhappy contest it was demolished. The gateway, the work of Bishop Alnwick, whose arms are on the spandrils and wooden door, was left entire. The shell of the magnificent hall, begun by Hugh of Burgundy, and finished by Hugh the Second, who also built its famous kitchen, is eightyfour feet by fifty, supported by two rows of pillars, with three arches opening into the screen at the south end, and communicating, by a bridge of one lofty pointed arch, with the kitchen, and other principal apartments. It had four double windows on each side. Part of the kitchen wall, with seven chimnies in it, is yet standing, and the front exhibits three stout buttresses. Dr. Nelthorpe, obtaining a lease of the site, built of the old materials a handsome stone house, in which the Bishop is at present accommodated when he visits the city.

At the upper end of Broadgate is an old building with two handsome mullioned windows, and an arched door-way, ap parently a conventual-hall, or refectory. Over the door-way