This presence is not a fateful Power, ominous and sinister, but may be discerned as a kindly Face, a Father's care and love.

In proportion as we realize this divine immanence shall we see the world ablaze with God and be able to live in the light of his face. We shall then know that all things are the expressions of his wisdom and will and are working together for our good. Our life will merge in his life in fellowship and obedience, love and joy. The flesh will melt into the spirit, and we shall live in the spirit. The world will dissolve into the splendor of God, and in his light we shall see light.

APPENDIX

A BRIEF COURSE OF SUGGESTED READING

THE following brief course of reading is suggested for those who may wish further to pursue the general subject of metaphysics, especially along idealistic lines. Only a few of the more important books can be mentioned and their nature indicated.

I. Of the many general histories of philosophy, one of the best for unprofessional readers is "The Persistent Problems of Philosophy," by Miss Mary Whiton Calkins, Professor of Philosophy in Wellesley College (New York: The Macmillan Company. $2.50). It covers the whole field of modern philosophy, beginning with Descartes, clearly classifies the various systems, and gives a sketch of each leading philosopher, with an account and a criticism of his system. It abounds in brief, aptly chosen quotations that let these thinkers speak for themselves. The book is remarkably clear in thought and style, and makes philosophy about as easy and attractive as its nature will allow. Although it is written from an idealistic point of view, yet it is impartial in its presentation of all systems. It is an admirable introduction to the general field of metaphysics, and will

prepare the reader for a more detailed study of the subject.

2. One of the foundation books of modern idealism is "The Principles of Human Knowledge," by Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1753), of which a good edition is that edited by Professor Charles P. Krauth, with extensive and valuable notes. He first clearly enunciated the fundamental principle of idealism and wrought it out into a system, although in an elementary and crude form. His brief book is singularly clear and easy reading, and the unprofessional reader will have little difficulty in following his course of reasoning.

3. Any one wishing to go to the roots of modern metaphysics will need to get some acquaintance with Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), although his name has become a traditional terror because of the supposed depth and difficulty of his speculations. There are profound deeps and dense fogs in his writings, but even the general reader can do something with them and will be repaid for the effort. Kant is an idealist in that he holds that space and time and all the "categories" are subjective forms which the mind imposes on its own states. But in his chief work, "The Critique of Pure Reason" (translated by F. Max Müller, The Macmillan Company), he is agnostic as to the nature of ultimate reality because he holds that both mind and matter are phenomena that manifest an unknowable reality, or thing-in-itself, which underlies both; in which fundamental point he was followed by Herbert Spencer. Yet

Kant, in his "Critique of Practical Reason," on the ground of moral necessity, reaches a spiritual ultimate reality in God and the human soul. This divisive cleft in his system is his greatest inconsistency and weakness. Kant is often obscure in his reasoning, and even his disciples find contradictions in him, but he has left his impress on all our thinking, and it is a mental discipline to come into even superficial contact with him. If one does not care to attack his works directly, he can get a good idea of his teaching from Friedrich Paulsen's "Immanuel Kant: His Life and Doctrine" (translated by J. E. Creighton and Albert Lefevre. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.). Paulsen is an admirable interpreter of Kant, and gives his readers a good idea of the system of the great German thinker.

4. Next after Kant the general reader will do well to take up Schopenhauer's "The World as Will and Idea" (translated by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Truber, and Co.). Schopenhauer (1788-1860) had a luminous but erratic mind, which is mirrored in his books. They are ill-balanced and pessimistic, but brilliant and fascinating. He wrote philoso

phy as literature, and filled it with the many-hued colors of life as he applied it to all aspects and interests of the world. The chief contribution he made to philosophy is his central doctrine that we know the world subjectively as will and idea, and objectively as matter in space and time. He thus made the soul a piece of reality in itself, renouncing Kant's doctrine that we do not know

the ontological soul, but only its phenomenal manifestation. Schopenhauer makes knowledge of the self the corner stone of his system, and this remains as one of the fundamental grounds of modern thinking.

5. The next great thinker to be noted is Hermann Lotze (1817-1881), who wrote voluminously on philosophical subjects, and whose "Metaphysics" is one of the deepest and most difficult of modern philosophical works. But his monumental work is his "Microcosmus" (translated by Miss Elizabeth Hamilton and Miss E. E. Constance Jones, and published in a massive volume of 1464 pages by Charles Scribner's Sons. $6.). This is one of the great philosophical books of the last century, and is a mine from which later metaphysicians have dug much valuable ore. It is divided into nine Books, of which the subjects in their order are: The Body, The Soul, Life, Man, Mind, The Course of Human Life, History, Progress, and The Unity of Things. It will be seen that the work thus covers the whole field of thought, and is a philosophy of the universe. It is idealistic in its principles and conclusions and is a wonderfully rich storehouse of truth and suggestion. Lotze was a poet by nature as well as a philosopher, and many passages in his "Microcosmus" are marked with grandeur and beauty. It takes long and patient plodding to go through this big book, and sometimes the reader wades through obscurities or travels over deserts; but he will also find many garden spots and sublime mountain views, and will be richly repaid.