count, reproached the Christians with licentiousness, as, from misunderstanding, they also accused them of sacrificing human victims, when the sacrifice of Christ was meant. That these kisses may have had an objectionable tendency, we do not deny, as we know ourselves, that, in Berlin, where a certain sect had reintroduced these kisses with the agapes, government found it necessary to prohibit them. In the Greek church, the kiss of peace is given before the oblation, and after having dismissed the catechumens. In the Latin church, the kiss of pence is given immediately before the communion. The clergyman who celebrates mass kisses the altar, and embraces the deacon, saying, Pax tibi, frater, et ecclesia sanctæ Dei; the deacon does the same to the sub-deacon, and says, Pax tecum; the latter salutes the other clergy. Kissing must have been common with the Jews, since Judas used it as a sign to betray the Savior.

KITCHINER, doctor, was the son of a Middlesex justice, who was for many years a coal merchant in the Strand. He acquired a handsome fortune, which he bequeathed to his son. Doctor Kitchiner was educated at Eton, after which he settled in London as a physician. Early in life, he married; but a separation from his wife soon after took place by mutual consent, and he was left at liberty to employ his ample fortune in experimental cookery. He treated eating and drinking as the only serious business of life; and, having caught the attention of the public by the singularity of his conduct, he proceeded to promulgate, under the title of the Cook's Oracle, the laws of the culinary art, professedly founded on his own practice. He was accustomed to assemble his friends at a conversazione at his house on Tuesday evenings, and, for the regulation of these meetings, placed a placard over his chimney piece, containing these words, "At seven come, at eleven go." He was a great stickler for punctuality, and kept a slate in his hall, on which his hours for receiving visiters were indicated. His appearance, his dress, his usages, his person, were all quaint. Besides his Cook's Oracle, doctor Kitchiner wrote Practical Observations on Telescopes (1815, reprinted for the fourth time in 1825, under the title of Economy of the Eyes); Apicius redivivus, (1817); the Art of Invigorating and Prolonging Life (1822); also the Traveller's Oracle, published just after his death; &c. In his private character, doctor Kitchiner is represented as having been an amiable man, respected

for his integrity, conciliatory manners, and social virtues.

KLAPROTH, Martin Henry, one of the most scientific German philosophers and chemists, was born Dec. 1, 1743, at Wernigerode, and died Jan. 1, 1817, at Berlin. He was an apothecary till the year 1788. In that year, he became chemist to the academy of sciences, and sold his apothecary's establishment. He was the first who discovered, in the stone called zircon, and also, afterwards, in the hyacinth, from Ceylon, a peculiar alkaline earth, to which he gave the name of zircon earth, and which has since attracted much attention from the French chemists Morveau and Vauquelin. In 1797, he ascertained, by a masterly analysis, the existence of a distinct metal in the substance called platina, to which he gave the name tellurium. To the same period belongs, also, the discovery of another species of metal, the titanium, which is of frequent occurrence in combination with the oxide of iron and various earths. We are indebted to his analysis of pitch blende for a third new species with which he enriched the class of metals-the uranium. He subjected meteoric stones to a very thorough and careful analysis, and proved the interesting point of their identity of composition. The results of these, and other more important chemical investigations, are exhibited in his Contributions to the Chemical Knowledge of Mineral Bodies (Berlin, 1795-1815, tom. vi.) We have also a chemical dictionary published by him in conjunction with D. Wolff, of which five volumes, and four supplementary volumes, have appeared at Berlin, since 1807, which may be regarded as the most complete and respectable chemical work, in alphabetical arrangement, that Germany has produced.

KLAPROTH, Henry Julius von, royal Prussian professor of the Asiatic languages, born at Berlin, Oct. 11, 1783, is a son of the celebrated chemist. He devoted himself, from his youth, to the study of the Asiatic languages, particularly the Chinese, had access to the libraries at Berlin and Dresden, published at Weimar, in 1802, the Asiatic Magazine, and was invited to Petersburg, as adjunct to the academy, in the department of the Asiatic languages. His inquiries were particularly directed to the history and geography of the interior of Asia, the migrations of its different races, and the connexions of their languages. In 1805, he accompanied count Golowkin, who went as ambassador to Pekin; but the expedition was obliged to

return after reaching the frontier. He then occupied himself in collecting vocabularies, and, at Irkutsk, had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the Mantchoo tongue. After his return, the academy of Petersburg, on the recommendation of count John Potocki, employed him to pursue, in the region of Caucasus, his inquiries into the Asiatic races. He there discovered the descendants of the Huns, the Avars and Alans, and returned to Petersburg in 1809, with many important manuscripts, which he had collected. His Archives of Asiatic Literature (tom. i. 1810-14) were the result of this journey. He then drew up. the catalogue of the Chinese and Mantchoo books and manuscripts in the library of the academy, the Chinese characters for which were cut at Berlin. In 1812, he took his dismission, went, in 1814, to Italy, and fixed upon Paris, at last, as his permanent residence; where, with the assistance of the king of Prussia, who appointed him professor of the Asiatic lan guages, he published several works, as the Supplement to the Chinese Dictionary of Father Basil of Glemona (by De Guignes, 1813), No. 1. The continuation of it was rendered unnecessary by the publication of that of Morrison (Macao, 1820, tom. ii. 4to.). He also published a catalogue of the Chinese and Mantchoo books and manuscripts in the royal library at Berlin (Paris, 1822), with extracts and chronological tables for the Chinese history; then a treatise upon the Oigurs, the first that contained specimens of the language of this ancient people, in the Oigur characters. In 1823 appeared, at Paris, his Asia Polyglotta (4to.), with an Atlas of Languages, in folio in which he indicated the ramifications of the various Asiatic races, according to the relation of their languages, and ascertained the date of the commencement of certain history among the various Asiatic nations. This work also contains a translation of a Mongol legend of the life of Buddha, with remarks. In 1823, he published a translation, in French, of his Travels in the Caucasus, with many additions, in 2 volumes. He is also quite active in the service of the Asiatic society of Paris. The journal of that institution contains many papers by him. He also published, at the expense of this society,, a Georgian grammar, and Georgian and Mantchoo dictionaries. Since 1824, have appeared his Historical Tables of Asia, from the Monarchy of Cyrus to our Time (4 vols., 4to., with an atlas, in folio). Klaproth is also

a member of the Asiatic society in London, and some time since undertook to publish there a Geographical, Statistical and Historical Description of China (2 vols., 4to.).

KLEBER, Jean Baptiste, a French general, distinguished not less for his humanity and integrity, than for his courage, activity and coolness, was one of the ablest soldiers which the revolution, so fertile in military genius, produced. His father was a common laborer, and young Kléber was himself peacefully occupied as an architect, when the revolutionary troubles led him to the career of arms. He was born at Strasburg, in 1754, and had received some education in the military academy at Munich, through the agency of some German gentlemen, to whom he had rendered a service. From 1776 to 1783, he had served in the Austrian army against the Turks. Having entered a French volunteer corps as a simple grenadier in 1792, his talents soon procured him notice; and, after the capture of Mayence, he was made general of brigade. Although he openly expressed his horror at the atrocious policy of the revolutionary government, his services were too valuable to be lost, and he distinguished himself as a general of division, in the campaigns of 1795 and 1796. In 1797, Kléber, dissatisfied with the directory, retired from the service; but general Bonaparte prevailed upon him to join the expedition to Egypt. Although no favorite of the general in chief, yet, such were the talents that he displayed in the campaign in Syria, and the battle of Aboukir, and such was the esteem in which he was held by the army, that Bonaparte left him the command, when he himself returned to France. His situation was difficult; the army was weakened by a series of laborious marches and sanguinary conflicts, and all communication with France was intercepted; yet he maintained himself successfully against the enemy, and introduced order into the government; but, in the midst of new preparations for securing possession of the country, he was assassinated by a Turkish fanatic, June 14, 1800.

KLEIN; a German word for small, prefixed to a great many geographical

names.

KLEIST VON NOLLENDORF, Emilius Frederic, count, one of the most distinguished Prussian generals in the cam paign of 1813 and 1814, against Napoleon, was born at Berlin, in 1762, served in the campaign of 1778, and rose by his cour

age and military talents, so that, in 1803, he was made reporting adjutant-general to the king of Prussia. After the enterprise of Schill (q. v.), he was made cominandant of Berlin-a post which required, at that time, much talent and skill. In 1812, Kleist commanded a corps of Prus sians, auxiliary to Napoleon's grand army. He distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen (q. v.), May 20, 1813, and was one of the plenipotentiaries who concluded the armistice. When Napoleon forced the allies to retreat from Dresden into Bohemia, after the battle of Dresden (August 26), Kleist followed the general retreat; but Vandamme had entered Bohemia before him, with 40,000 men, and Kleist had only the alternative of surrendering his army, or fighting for life and death. He took the bold resolution of throwing himself down from the mountains into the rear of Vandamme (August 30), and was victorious at the village of Nollendorf. His success saved Bohemia, against which Napoleon had directed his masterly demonstrations. Kleist was afterwards known by the affix of Nollendorf. Feb. 14, 1814, he was victorious, at Joinvillers, in France. In the engagement at Claye, March 29, he led a brigade to an assault in person. Kleist died in 1821.

KLEIST, Ewald Christian von, born March, 1715, at Zeblin, in Pomerania, studied for nine years at the Jesuit college at Kron, in Great Poland, then at the gymnasium at Dantzic, and went, in 1731, to Königsberg to study law. Besides his acquisitions in mathematics, philosophy, literature and law, he made great proficiency in modern languages. Having tried in vain, several times, to obtain a civil appointment, he entered the army, and became, in 1736, a Danish officer. He studied, with zeal, the military art, and, when Frederic the Great, of Prussia, began his reign, Kleist entered his service. He always disliked the military profession, which, together with an unfortunate attachment, gave to his poems the tone of melancholy which distinguishes them. Few German poems, from an author without previous reputation, have met with such immediate success, as his Frühling (Spring), which was first printed in 1740, for his acquaintance only. In 1757, Kleist was made major. In 1759, he lost his leg in the battle of Kunnersdorf: he lay, during the whole night, with his wounds exposed, on the field of battle. The next noon, he discovered himself to a Russian officer, who was passing by, and who had him carried to Frankfort.

Eleven days after the battle, the fractured bones parted, and tore an artery, and he died August 24. Kleist was an amiable and upright man. He composed several war-songs, and liked to call himself a Prussian grenadier. His admiration of Frederic the Great was deep, as many of his most beautiful compositions prove. Kleist enjoyed the friendship of many of the most talented men of his nation.

KLEPHTES, (κλέφτης, κλεπτης), properly a robber, is the name given to those Greeks who kept themselves free from the Turkish yoke, in the mountains, and carried on a perpetual war against the oppressors of their country, considering every thing belonging to a Turk lawful prize, often, as may be easily imagined, exercising their profession on Greeks. Such a population is very common in conquered countries, where there are mountains to afford a retreat to the vanquished. At the time of the conquest of Greece, many inhabitants of the plain retreated to the highlands where they even formed κλεφτοχωρία (klephtes villages), from whence they surprised and annoyed the Turks. By degrees, their independence was acknowl edged by the Turks (as, for instance, in the case of the Mainots), and a militia acknowledged by the Turks was formed among them, which, under the pachas and other officers of the Porte, was intrusted with the maintenance of order in different parts of Greece. The members of this were called apparel and apparwλot (probably from the Latin and Italian word arma, as many words of this description have become incorporated in the modern Greek, partly through the conquest of the country by the Romans, partly by the predominance of Italian on the Mediterrancan in later periods; or from appa, which is connected with the ancient Greek appe vov). The leaders were called capitani (q. v.), and their dignity appears to have been hereditary. These armatoloi, also called pallikaris, from the ancient áλa Οι παλληξ, returned to their profession of klephtes, when their rights were attacked; as, for instance, when Ali Pacha of Janina attacked the Albanians. They retained a proud feeling of independence, and Greece would never have been freed, had it not been for these robbers, who were the first to take part in the struggle against the Porte in 1821, and furnished the few good soldiers in the land-service of Greece, their leaders becoming the best generals in the Greek service, as Niketas, Colocotroni, &c. (See Greece.) Whole tribes are to be counted among the klephtes; as the

Suliots and Chimariots, in the ancient Epirus, and the Sphakiots on the island of Crete. Besides these, there were single klephtes in the Morea, &c. (For their mode of attack, see Hobhouse's Journey through Albania, 1817.) The songs of the klephtes, composed among themselves, form part of the modern national Greek poetry, of which Fauriel (Chants populaires de la Grèce moderne, 2 vols., Paris, 1824 and 1825) has published several. The same work gives, in a discours préliminaire, interesting details respecting the klephtes and armatoloi. The klephtes are hospitable towards those who are not tempting objects of plunder, as the writer can testify.

KLINGEMANN, Augustus; doctor of philosophy and director of the national theatre at Brunswick; born Aug. 31, 1777, at Brunswick. Inspired by the example of Göthe and Schiller, who had raised the theatre of Weimar to a high degree of perfection, he devoted himself entirely to the theatre of his native place. In 1813, this was raised from a private to a national institution. Klingemann received the direction of it, and, under his superintendence, it became one of the first of the German theatres. Of his dramatic productions, Heinrich der Löwe, Luther, Moses, Faust, Deutsche Treue, are stock pieces. His Dramatische Werke were published at Brunswick, 1817-18, 12 volumes.

KLINGER, Frederic Maximilian von, was born at Frankfort on the Maine, in 1753. He fell, when young, into an exaggerated style of writing, but even then produced a great sensation. Few works have stirred the passions more than his Twins (Twillinge). Göthe speaks favorably of his exterior, his disposition and his manners. What Klinger was, he became through himself. Rousseau was a favorite author of his. After having studied at the gymnasium of Frankfort, he went to the university of Giessen. His first productions were dramatic. In the war of the Bavarian succession, he entered the military service, and was made a lieutenant in the Austrian army. After the peace, he went (1780) to St. Petersburg, and was appointed an officer and reader to the grand-admiral, the grand-prince Paul, with whom he afterwards travelled through Poland, Austria, Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, &c. In 1784, he was appointed in officer of the military school at St. Petersburg, and rose, in the reign of Catharine, to the rank of colonel. In 1799, he was made major-general by the emperor Paul, and director of the corps of cadets.

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29

He distinguished himself by an independent uprightness, at a time when the vagaries of Paul made such conduct danger. ous. When Alexander ascended the throne, he received several other offices,. as the direction of the university of Dorpat, the inspection of the body of pages, &c. After having received many orders, and the income of a crown village for life, he was made lieutenant-general in 1811. He had served 40 years, when he retired. He died in Feb., 1831. In the midst of his many occupations, Klinger was ever alive in the field of poetry. His works are quite peculiar. He collected them in 12 volumes (Königsberg, 1809 to 1810). Der Weltmann und der Dichter is considered by many the best of his productions.

KLOOTZ, Anacharsis. (See Clootz.)

KLOPSTOCK, Frederic Gottlieb, one of the most celebrated of the German poets, was born July 2, 1724, at Quedlinburg, His father, a senator of Quedlinburg, and an eccentric man, removed, after his birth, to Friedeburg, near Wettin, on the Saal, where the young Klopstock spent his childhood, and was subsequently placed at the gymnasium of Quedlinburg. At the age of 16, he went to the Schulpforte, near Naumburg. Here he made himself perfect in the ancient languages, acquired a decided predilection for the classical writers, and formed the resolution of writing a great epic poem, though he was not determined what subject to choose; and the reign of Henry the Fowler at that time attracted him most. In 1745, he studied theology at Jena, and commenced, in solitude, the first canto of his Messiah. In Leipsic, where he went the next year, he formed an acquaintance with Cramer, Schlegel, Rabener, Zacharia, and others, who then published the Bremischen Beiträge, in which the three first cantos of the Messiah appeared, in 1748, and excited universal attention. Some revered the author as a sacred poet; others, particularly the old divines, imagined that religion was profaned by his fictions. A country clergyman came to him, and seriously entreated him, " for the sake of God and religion, not to make Abaddon (a fallen angel) blessed." He likewise underwent some severe criticism, on account of the novelty and originality of the form and spirit of his poem. The work made the deepest impression in Switzerland. the summer of 1750, he went to Zurich, where much exertion was made to induce him to remain. The people there viewer! him with a kind of veneration. He trav

Tu

elled for his amusement through several cantons. In Denmark, too, the three first cantos of his Messiah met with a very favorable reception; and Klopstock was invited by the minister Bernstorff to Copenhagen, with a small pension, to finish the poem. He departed in 1751, and travelled through Brunswick and Hamburg, where he became acquainted with a young lady, who was a great admirer of his poems-the talented Meta (properly Margaretha) Moller, the daughter of a merchant there. In Copenhagen, he was received with every mark of kindness and esteem. There he passed the winter, and was introduced, the next summer, by his friend Moltke, to king Frederic V; and, as the king was to go to Holstein in the summer of 1752, Klopstock took advantage of the opportunity to go to Hamburg, and visit Meta. He spent the whole summer there, and returned again with the king to Denmark. In the summer of 1754, he went back to Hamburg, and was married to Meta. The steps by which his acquaintance with this lady ripened into tenderness, are described with great beauty and simplicity in his well-known letters, written when she had become his wife, to Samuel Richardson, and afterwards published in that writer's Correspondence. But he soon lost her. She died in child-bed, in 1758. He buried her in the village of Ottensen, near Hamburg, and placed over her remains this simple and beautiful epitaph:

Saat gesæet von Gott,

Am Tage der Garben zu reifen.
(Seed sown by God,

To ripen for the harvest.)

from 1759 to 1763, he resided alternately at Brunswick, Quedlinburg and Blankenburg, and afterwards in Copenhagen. In 1764, he wrote his Hermann's Schlacht (Battle of Arminius), and sent it to the emperor Joseph, but not with the success which, in his patriotic enthusiasm, he had promised himself. After this, he entered upon his investigations of the German language. In 1771, after Bernstorff had received his discharge, he left Copenhagen for Hamburg, under the character of Danish secretary of legation and counsellor of the margraviate of Baden. In Hamburg, he finished his Messiah. In 1792, he married a second time. His principal amusement in winter was skating; and he was once in imminent danger of losing his life by it. Klopstock died with calmness and resignation, without pain or a groan, Marcn 14, 1803. His body was buried with great pomp and solemnity, in the

presence of thousands. Purity and noble feeling were the characteristics of his mind. He was gay and animated; but his sportiveness was always tempered with a sort of dignity, and his satires were ever gentle. His disposition restrained him from intimacy with men of rank; for he hated the chilling condescensions of the great more than an open insult. He loved to retire into the country, with the families of his friends, and was always pleased to be among children. In the private welfare and happiness of his friends, he took the deepest interest; but dearest of all to him was the memory of his poetical brethren, with whom he had been associated in Leipsic, and whom he saw, one after another, dropping into the grave. (See Henry Döring's Life of Klopstock, Weimar, 1825.) As a lyrical writer, Klopstock is, perhaps, among the most successful of any age. He may well be called the Pindar of modern poetry; but he is superior to him in richness and deep feeling, as the spiritual world which he paints excels, in intrinsic magnificence, the subjects celebrated by the Grecian poet. His religious odes, as the Festival of Spring, exhibit the elevation of the psalmist. The elegiac odes to Fanny and Ebert are known to every refined reader, for the melancholy and elevated tone which reigns throughout them. In expressing joyful feelings, as in the ode to the lake of Zürich, and when his strains are almost Anacreontic, as in many small pieces to Cidli, he never oversteps the limits of Platonic love. His patriotism is strong and ardent, and his latter odes called forth by the French revolution, in which, at first, he took the warmest interest, and those in which he speaks of the German language and poetry, are distinguished by bold and original turns of expression. Owing to these, and to his frequent allusions to the northern mythology, he is often obscure to many readers; but the most illiterate cannot fail clearly to understand and gratefully to venerate Klopstock as a writer of sacred poetry. He gained, however, the brightest and quickest fame by his epopee; the first cantos of which, by their prophetic grandeur and the magnificence of their description, their genuine patriarchal tone, and unfeigned sincerity of love and devotion, announced him a rival of Milton. His Bardiete are dramatized epics, and lyrical scenes for the theatre, rather than tragedies. The choruses possess the highest lyrical beauty, and breathe the most ardent patriotism and independence of feeling