the clientage of primitive times. Not, however, that this is really an objection to its occurrence; it is rather the contrary, but with the diffusion of a new principle.

No, that is not the remedy, says another physician of the body social, and who finds the specific for "pauperism" in Economy:-L'Economie ou Remede du Pauperism.

Par M. L. Mezières. Paris: Renouard et Cie. New-York: Hector Bossange. The composition of this book is also different from the preceding. It savours of the pamphlet or the newspaper. Entirely without system, it has no doubt a large collection of wise saws and modern instances about economy. But to make it meritorious or even excusable to reproduce them, they should be fused into some fresher forms, or founded on some deeper principle. I therefore notice the book at all only from a proper deference to the French Academy, which has, the cover tells us, "crowned" it with its prize or praise. I dare conjecture that this decision has, in some degree, depended on the virulent conservatism of the writer, and the constant fire which, as himself a property-holder, he keeps up against the hated Socialists. To me, however, this deprives the book of dignity as well as system.

At all events the publication might be mentioned, as an additional sign of the attention engrossed at present by this allimportant question, throughout the countries of civilized Europe, and foremost of them in France.

But here is still another portly volume on the subject, and also "crowned," it should be added, by the same Academy:Etudes Historiques sur l'Influence de la Charité durant les premiers siècles Chretiens, et considerations sur son rôle dans les sociétés modernes. Par E. Chastel. Ouvrage couronné en 1852, par l'Academie Française. Paris: Capelle. New-York: Heetor Bossange.

The compliment in this case is undoubtedly well merited. It would be hard, I think, to name a work upon the social influences of Christianity so free, on the one hand, from cant or rant, and on the other from rationalism. The author, without being, or perhaps meaning to be, profound, is, from his fine historic spirit, quite a classic in composition: and, for the subject, its rich variety may be imagined from the mere theme, which, as proposed for competition by the French Academy, runs thus: "What influence did charity exercise upon the

Roman empire? What institutions did it found there? With what new spirit did it interpenetrate it? What remedies did it apply to alleviate its evils ?"

This group of questions, it is manifest, involve the fairest eulogy that has ever been written on the Christian religion. And such, in my opinion, is the simple statement of historic facts in this learned essay: "To collect from the original documents of the early ages of Christianity all the facts of any import which regard the influences of charity-to rise to the general spirit that presided over their occurrence to render an exact account of their effects upon the Roman world"such is the essential object of the author in his own words. None of mine need now be added to commend the result to

your readers. To clergymen especially the work must seem invaluable. To students of history, also, it sheds a needed and steady light upon an aspect of the Roman empire not set sufliciently before in view. In fine, for the philosopher, it teems with matter for reflection. In the mass of misery which it exhibits as overwhelming the Roman people, and which in our day is perhaps utterly beyond the compass of imagination, the profane reasoner must recognise, that if the Christian system had not been revealed, the recuperative force of nature must have invented its boundless charities-or else society (a thing impossible) must have perished.

Now to works that view society, not on its side of misery, but that of money-a thing which most believe its best cure, and which some hold to be its worst cause. A treatise, in two volumes, has just appeared upon this subject, entitled, "Money, Credit, and Taxation," (De la Monnaie, du Crédit et de l'Impót. Pur Gustave du Puynode. Paris: Guillomin et Cie. NewYork: Hector Bossange.) The ambitious scope of the author's project will be perhaps conceived from the following strictures on the most celebrated of his predecessors, French and English:-" Money, credit, and taxation are the subjects I propose to treat of, and they are also the least known subjects of political economy, especially in France. For some years back, it is true, there have been publications, some quite remarkable, which have enlightened us upon the function of moneys and the services of banks; but in regard to public credit, and particularly taxation, we French are still immersed in complete ignorance. The English economists, too, who have

gone the deepest into these matters, are far themselves from having treated them with entire satisfaction. Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, Parnell, Buchanan, M'Culloch, Mill, have made them the subject of special works which evince great knowledge, and often genius. But to what system have they attached themselves, from what principle have they set out, to what end do they direct their labours? They are utterly destitute of any aggre gate plan; and if we find in their works researches often ingenious and profound in the point of view of present and practical interest, never, or almost never, do they seem to take their views from either theory or equity and right regarded in their pure essence." Pref., pp. 5, 6.

This criticism on the English is no doubt just and characteristic; but the alleged ignorance of the French writers appears to be at least exaggerated. At all events the hardy critic incurs a large responsibility. How fully he has redeemed it I cannot undertake to say with confidence, having gone as yet but cursorily through the wilderness of his materials. My impression is, however, that the chief distinction of the work lies in being a repertory of the most correct and complete knowledge on the various questions connected with monetary, mercantile, and fiscal institutions. It adds, moreover, to the actual state of such institutions the world over, a succinct sketch of their historic origin and subsequent vicissitudes. In fine, the author's reliability in point of science would seem to me presumable from the following sentence alone: "The two ideas," says he, "which form the basis and the object of this book are freedom of credit and direct taxation." Pref., p. 8.

I find also lying before me, of the same genus, an Essay on the Ultimate Consequences of the Gold of California and Australia. The author is M. de Zegoborski, a Counsellor of State of his Russian Majesty. The book betrays its country, though presented in the French language-being indeed industrious, but rather heavy and common-place.

The book I next present supplies a gradual relaxation from the technicalities of money-making, by a touch of its romance:-Jacques Cœur et Charles VII., ou la France au XV. siècle. Etude historique, &c. Par M. Pierre Clement, auteur de l'Histoire de la vie et de l'administration de Colbert. Paris: Guillomin et Cie. NewYork: Hector Bossange. The hero, Jacques Cœur, was a sort of Yankee of the

fifteenth century, who made and lost repeated fortunes with a facility that then seemed magical, and the vicissitudes of whose wild life were no less prodigious than his possessions. Born in the country town of Bourges, of humble parents, he rose, by his own exertions, and at an early age of life, to be real controller and principal master of the entire commerce of the French kingdom, and to be patron, then banker, and at last minister, of the French king. the wealth that caused his rapid rise, brought upon him often a ruin as rapidnot merely confiscating his possessions, but also menacing his life. Again, however, he escapes, and emerges soon to his former affluence, through struggles that would pass for fiction much more easily than for reality, if due attention were not bestowed upon the genius of the times.

But

It is this genius of the age, in fact, that gives its highest interest to the bookan age the most prolific of wild adventures all over Europe, and the most glorious for solid achievements in France. The king, of whom our hero had been such a mainstay, was Charles VII, who, after thirty years of warfare, expelled the English from the continent, and also founded the institution of standing armies. In these transactions the boundless wealth and patriotic liberality of Jacques Coeur bore a quite essential part; and so he is made, by no forced construction, to serve the purpose of a central figure, about which to group the French history of the epoch. And in his history, amid a multitude of personages the most singular, we also find a full-length portrait of the immortal Joan of Arc. The work besides has an introduction on the moneys of the Middle Ages, with some engravings appertaining to the same. The two finely-printed volumes blend utility and curiosity, to an extent and in a manner quite original.

We are come at length to a work on literature, pure literature:-Tableau de la Literature du Nord au Moyen Age, en Alle magne et en Angleterre, en Scandinavie et en Slavonie. Par F. G. Eichoff, Profes seur de la Faculte des Lettres de Lyon. Paris: Didier, Libraire-Editeur. NewYork: Hector Bossange. It is that of a period and a region of peculiar interest in America, the literature of the four countries from which its miscellaneous people derive almost exclusively their origin and inspiration, and this literature at an epoch which makes it most longed for, because least known.

The scheme of Professor Eichoff is outlined in the following terms. After sketching the transformations of the ancient world to the date in question, and noting the leading features of these times, he confines himself to the development of but one point in the vast perspective: "My sole aim has been to bring together whatever relates to the manners, idioms, and primitive creeds of that robust Germanic race, of which the influence has transformed Europe, and given birth, by a happy contrast, from the fifth to the fifteenth century, to fruits so various and so invaluable. Classical by taste as well as profound conviction, a warm admirer of Homer and of Virgil, full of respect for the noble models which have been bequeathed us by antiquity, I shall not sacrifice their glory, after the prejudices of our day, to the caprices of uncultivated genius, to the exciting but barbarous idols which were incensed by the northern nations. But I will also say, and seek to prove, that the ancient literature, like ancient society, exhausted by its labours and its successes, had stood in need of a violent crisis whereby to temper anew its vigour; that the deadly strife between the north and south, which proved so desolating in its first effects, has in its final results been both salutary and prolific, and that it is the union of these two contraries, combined and crossed in a thousand forms, as they rolled along the revolution of ages, that has given origin, in Italy, in Spain, in Germany and England, but above all in France, the intellectual centre of Europe, to those lights of the new civilization which are now irradiating the entire globe." Pp. 9, 10. Such is the pregnant theory and ample project of the author. I have not space of course to speak of the execution of such a work. As some guarantee, however, I may mention that his pen had been already practised upon kindred subjects, both historical and philological.

The name of John Bodin, and his immortal writings, require no "bush." J. Bodin et son Temps-Tableau des theories politiques et des idées economiques au seizième siècle. Pur Henry Baudrillart, Professeur au College de France. Paris: Guillomin et Cie. New-York: Hector Bossange. And yet it is remarkable that the present editor has deemed it requisite to bring to the support of both a historic survey of the "times." This indeed is getting common with the French writers of the day. A bare biography is deemed no longer a thing to occupy a serious writer, however celebra

There

ted or significant the personage. is, moreover, a dawning sentiment, if not as yet a distinct conception, that even such personages are a fragment of both their country and their age, and that the latter must be therefore studied in conjunction with the former. This correlation is the mother-principle of the new order of historical writing, which at last is touching on its fundamental installation. It had been seized, indeed, some three centuries since by the great subject of these remarks, who was the first to consider in politics the influence of climate and of race. But he saw it only in the large aggregates called nations; and even in these he saw it so imperfectly as to attempt, in contradiction, to determine, like his predecessors, a certain absolute republic, which should be the "best" for all ages, all races, all countries. It was accordingly, by mere correction of this logical inconsistency, that his great countryman and pupil has also made an epoch. For Montesquieu applied the climatory principle to constitutionsthat is to say, instead of absolutely, viewed them relatively. This, however, is his main title to the strangely presumptuous motto of prolem sine matre creatam. But the slow progression has been labouring downward from Montesquieu to the present day, when we see this notion of relativity extending to epochs, to individuals.

But to return to the book before me; its general character is briefly this. It commences with an able survey of the various theories or systems, political and economical, of the sixteenth century, as properly preparatory to appreciation of Bodin's writings. A second part relates his life, describes the character of all his works, and translates, for the first time, I think, his essay on "Historical Method." The third part gives an analysis and commentary on the treatise De Republica.

Here is another work, of which the author and the subject are both still surer of winning American attention: I mean the History of the People, by Augustin Thierry (Essai sur l'Histoire de la Formation et des Progres du Tiers-état. Pur Augustin Thierry. Paris: Furu et Cie. New-York: Hector Bossange. Without a rival in the two essentials of arrangement and expression, the illustrious painter of the Anglo-Norman Conquest would attract your public upon any theme. But when he traces the most continuous and complete series of evolutions, from extreme serfdom up to ex

treme freedom, which the popular classes have as yet achieved, no doubt the result must be more than interesting to the only nation upon the earth which has been founded through the like triumphs, and consists exclusively of the same classes.

M. Thierry gives a much larger than the usual amplitude to the Tiers-etat. He extends the name to the entire nation, less the clergy and the nobility, and thus of course embraces what we call in English the middle class. In this way he is enabled to claim the glory for the people of producing almost all the greatest intellects of French history. For example, in the so-called Augustan age of Louis XIV., there were but three in the entire galaxy of noble origin, namely, Fenelon, Larochefaucauld, and Madame de Sevigné. The rest were all plebeians, to wit Corneille, Pascal, Moliere, Racine, La Fontaine, Boileau, Bossuet, Bourdaloue, Flechier, Massillon, La Bruyère, Arnaud, Nicole, Domat. In short, this volume is the strongest vindication of, and noblest tribute that has hitherto been paid to, the oppressed portion of humanity.

I give the last position to a religious publication:-Saint Paul et Sénèque, Recherches sur les rapports du Philosophe avec l'Apotre, et sur l'Infiltration du Christianism naissant a travers le Paganism. Par

tion "On the True Site of Calvary," with a restored plan of the ancient city of Jerusalem. We regret to see, from the publisher's announcement, that this excellent journal is not patronized as it should be. We call the attention of the scholars of our country to the work, and urge them to sustain it.

MESSRS. Garrigue & Christern (4 Astor House, New-York) have commenced the issue of a "Monthly Bulletin of German Literature," in a form very convenient for

use.

It will not be a mere list of books

published, but a classified report of new publications, with brief statements of their contents and value, and extracts from the leading literary journals, in order to afford as "precise characteristics of new books as are compatible with their recent appearance." Omitting entirely the vast amount of merely local literature constantly issuing from the press in Germany, it will give more minute information

about all works of interest to scholars than can be afforded by miscellaneous catalogues.

WE have received the supplementary volume of Engelmann's "Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum et Graecorum et Latinorum. (Leipzig, 1853, 8vo., pp. 120.) It contains an alphabetical list of all editions and translations of the Greek and Latin Classics that have appeared in

de Ladrange. New-York: Hector Bossange. Its object is to prove the stoic Seneca not only to have been a Christian, but moreover to have been made a convert by an alleged intercourse with St. Paul. The work is valuable, as well as curious, for its immense hoard of learning. But the argument is as invalid as the retort that has been made to it, that Christianity is a merely modified continuation of Stoicism. 0.

A LARGE undertaking is commenced in a work entitled "Geschichte des Heidenthums, in Beziehung auf Religion, Wissen, Kunst, Sittlichkeit und Staatsleben, von Dr. A. WUTTKE," (Breslau, 1853,) of which the first part, containing 356 pages, Svo., lies before us. This part gives what the author calls the "first steps of the history of humanity," in a survey of the ethico-political history of the Huns, the Mongols, the Mexicans, and the Peruvians. The plan is a vast and comprehensive one.

1852. The former volume extended from 1700 to 1847; and the two, taken together, form the best manual of classical bibliography in compact form now

tant.

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AMONG the new works in classical and general literature, recently published on the continent of Europe, are the following:

Das Theseion und der Tempel des Ares in Athen. Eine archäologisch-topographische Abhandlung von Ludw. Ross. Mit einem Plane des Marktes. Halle, 1852: 8vo., pp. 88.

Alciphronis Rhetoris Epistolae. Recensuit, cum Bergleri integris, Meinekii, Wagneri, aliorum selectis suisque annotationibus edidit, indices adjecit E. E. Seiler. Lipsiae, 1853: 8vo., pp. 500.

Akademische Vorlesungen über indis che Literaturgeschichte. Gehalten im Wintersemester 1851-52, von Dr. Alb. Weber. Berlin: Svo., pp. 290.

Avesta, die heiligen Schriften der ParAus dem Grundtexte übersetzt, mit steter Rücksicht auf die Traditionen von

sen.

Dr. Friedr. Spiegel, Prof. zu Erlangen. 1 Bd. Der Vendidad. Leipzig, 1852: 8vo., pp. 303.

We continue our summaries of the contents of the principal foreign journals of general literature:

Westminster Review, for July :-L. John Knox: II. Over-Legislation: III. Pedigree and Heraldry: IV. Sects and Secular Education: V. Young Criminals: VI. The Life of Moore: VII. India and its Finance: VIII. Balzac and his Writings: IX. The Turkish Empire: X, XI, XII, XIII, Contemporary Literature of England, America, Germany, and France.

Edinburgh Review, for July:-I. The Austrian Court in the Eighteenth Century: II. The Nations of India and their Manners: III. Lord Grey's Colonial Administration: IV. Relations of England with China: V. Lives of the Devreux Earls of Essex: VI. Popular Education in the United States: VII. Quarantine, Small Pox, and Yellow Fever: VIII. Larpent's Journal in Spain: IX. The French Navy.

London Quarterly Review, for July :I. Annals of Ireland-by the Four Masters: II. Baron Haxthausen's Notes on Russia: III. Writings of Professor Owen -Generalizations of Comparative Anatomy: IV. Shepherd on Ecclesiastical Forgeries: V. Autobiography of Signor Ruffini VI. Count Fiquelmont on the Palmerston Policy: VII. The Oxford Commission: VIII. Memoirs of Thomas Moore.

British Quarterly, (London,) for August-I. French History for 1853: II. Critical Editions of the Greek Testament: III. Electricity and Magnetism: IV. The Crusades as described by Crusaders : V. Hypatia; or, New Foes with an Old Face: VI. The Alleged Successes of Romanism: VII. Present Relations of Employer and Employed: VIII. Horace: IX. Russia and Turkey: X. Our Epilogue on Affairs and Books.

North British Review, (Edinburgh,) for August-I. Theories of Poetry and a New Poet-Dallas's Poetics and Smith's Poems: II. Our Colonial Empire and our Colonial Policy: III. Dr. Henry Marshall and Military Hygiene: IV. The Text of Scripture: V. Free and Slave Labour: VI. The Early Christian Life and Literature of Syria: VII. The Grenville Papers

and Junius: VIII. Germany in its Relations to France and Russia: IX. The New India Bill.

Revue des Deux Mondes, (Paris,) for May:-I. Nuances de la Vie Mondaine, par M. Octave Feuillet: II. La Monarchie de 1830, Derniere Partie, par M. Louis De Carné: III. Un Moine Philosophe du Onzième Siècle (Saint Anselme de Cantorbéry, de M. Ch. De Rémusat,) par M. Emile Saisset: IV. Souvenirs D'Une Station Dans les Mers de L'Indochine, par M. E. Jurien de la Gravière: V. Beaumarchais, Sa Vie, Ses Ecrits et Son Temps, D'Après des Papiers de Famille Inédits, par M. Louis De Loménie VI. Promenade en Amérique; Philadelphie, par M. J. J. Ampère: VII. Chronique de la Quinzaine. For June:-I. L'Art Français Au Dix-Septième Siècle, par M. Vietor Cousin: II. Le Roman Social en Angleterre III. La Télégraphie Electrique, Ses Développemens en France, en Angleterre, en Amérique et sur le Continent Européen, par M. Babinet: IV. Du Drame Moderne, par M. Edgar Quinet: V. Papiers D'Etat.-Louis XIV. et Guillaume III. Leurs Négociations Secrètes pour la Succession d'Espagne, D'Après le Recueil de Leurs Lettres Publié en Angleterre, par M. Louis de Viel-Castel: VI. Promenade en Amérique.--viii, Washington, le Congrès et les Partis Politiques, par M. J. J. Ampère: VII. Beaumarchais, Sa Vie, Ses Ecrits et Son Temps, D'Après des Papiers de Famille Inédits, par M. Louis De Loménie: VIII. Chronique de la Quinzaine, Histoire Politique et Littéraire. For July:-I. Souvenirs D'Une Station Dans Les Mers de L'Indochine, par M. E. Jurien de la Gravière : II. La Hollande Sous Deux Règnes, Souvenirs Historiques Sur Le Roi Louis et Guillaume I., par M. Vivien: III. La Dernière Bohémienne, Deuxième Partie, par Mme. Ch. Reybaud: IV. Un Hiver en Corse, Récits de Chasse et Scènes de la Vie Des Maquis, par M. Charles Reynaud: V. Du Mouvement Poétique en Angleterre Depuis Shelley, par M. Arthur Dudley: VI. San Francisco A Ripa, par M. De Stendhal: VII. Les Protestans Français en Europe, Recherches Nouvelles de M. Weiss Sur L'Histoire des Réfugiés Depuis la Révocation de L'Edit de Nantes, par M. Ch. Louandre: VIII. Chronique de la Quinzaine.

WE Continue our summaries of the contents of American Theological Journals:Southern Presbyterian Review, (Columbia,

S. C..) for July:-I. The Principles of Moral and Political Economy: II. Orthodoxy in New-England: III. The Necessity