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heart. In its preparation, constant reference has been made to the elaborate catechetical works of former times, with the intention of copying their excellences and improving upon their construction and phraseology."-Pp. 4, 5.

We concur most cordially in the wish expressed by the editor, that “the study of this manual of Christian truth may become universal in our Sunday schools and in our families, and that the day will soon come when no person among us of sufficient age will be found ignorant of its contents, or unable to give a reason of the hope that is in him.”

(46.) Or the following pamphlets, &c., we can give nothing but the titles:Twelfth Annual Catalogue of the Providence Conference Seminary, East Greenwich, R. I.

Annual Report of the Trustees and Superintendent of the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, at Harrisburgh, for the year 1852.

Tenth Annual Report of the Managers of the State Lunatic Asylum of New-York.

American Psychological Journal, vol. i, conducted by Edward Mead, M. D. Report of the Majority of the Commissioners appointed to examine the affairs of Union College. Transmitted to the Legislature March 4, 1853. The American and Foreign Christian Union, 1853.

Minutes of the Seventeenth Session of the New-Jersey Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, held at Bridgeton, April 13–20, 1853.

Common Schools Unsectarian. A Discourse delivered in the Methodist Episcopal Church at Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 6, 1853, by E. O. Haven.

ART. XI.-RELIGIOUS AND LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

Theological and Religious.

EUROPEAN.

"Die Christliche Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderte: Vorlesungen von Dr. K. R. HAGENBACH, Prof. der Theologie in Basil." (Leipsig: 1853; 8vo., pp. 349.) The first three of these lectures treat of the state of the heathen and Jewish world immediately before and at the time of Christ's advent; the fourth lecture exhibits the unevangelical narrative of Christ's birth and life; the three following treat of the foundation of the Church and of its history in the apostolic times; and the remainder of the work brings down the record to the end of the third century. It is well worthy the attention of theological students.

WE have received Part I. of "Clavis Librorum Veteris Testamenti Apocryphorum Philologica, auctore CHRIST. ABR. WAHL,

Phil. et Theol. Doctore." (Leipsig: 1853; royal 8vo.) This part contains 320 pages, and carries the Lexicon down to the word paraιóḍpwv.

"Guielmi Gesenii Thesaurus Philologicus Criticus Linguae Hebrææ et Chaldææ Vet. Testamenti." We have received the last fasciculus of the third volume of this great work-the editio altera secundum radices digesta, priore Germanica longe auctior et emendatior-edited by Roediger. (Lips.: 1853; 3 Vogel, 4to.) The work is completed in 1522 quarto pages.

"Pro Confessionis Religione adversus Confessionum Theologiam, scripsit C. G. G. Theile, Theol. in Univ. Lips. Prof. (Lipsiæ: 1852; 8vo., pp. 146.) The object of this tractate is to show that religion and theology are

entirely distinct, and, if possible, to adjust rightly the limits of each.

THE Church of England is constantly affording illustrations of the inevitable tendency of national Church establishments to corruption and peculation. By the 6th and 7th William IV., chapter 77, (1836,) certain amounts of income were assigned to the different sees of England and Wales-viz., £15,000 to Canterbury, £10,000 to York and London, £8,000 to Durham, £5,500 to Ely, £5,000 to Salisbury, Worcester, and others, and £4,200 to St. Asaph. Accordingly, returns of their revenues were called for from the then incumbents of the different sees, and calculations made thereupon to determine the yearly sums payable to the commission by the archbishops and bishops consecrated or translated since January 1, 1836, so as to leave them respectively the income contemplated by the legislature. For example, the annual charge thus fixed upon for the Bishop of Durham was £11,200, the commissioners having been led by his lordship's representations to believe that the average annual income of the see would be £19,200. In fact, the estimated future net income of Durham was, in 1835, calculated at £17,890 only. Well, the bishop has so managed the estates that, from 1837 to 1850, his net annual income has varied from £16,330 08. 11d. to £34,767 12s. 10d., and made a total of more than £342,000, instead of £268,000; so that this self-denying prelate of the north has had £74,000 more than what the legisla ture intended!

THE first two volumes of Smith's "Sacred Annals," (published under the titles of the "Patriarchal Age" and the "Hebrew People," by Messrs. Carlton & Phillips, 200 Mulberry-st., New-York,) have met with a very favourable reception in this country. The third volume is announced in London as in preparation, under the title of "The History and Religion of the Gentile Nations that were placed in Proximity to the Jewish People: containing a Succinct Account of the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Greeks, and Romans; carefully collected from Ancient Authors and Holy Scripture, with the best aid afforded by Recent Discoveries in Egyptian and Assyrian Inscriptions. Being the THIRD and concluding SEBIES of Sacred Annals; with Indexes and Tables adapted to the whole work: and forming a complete connexion of the Sacred and Profane History, also a full Elucidation of the Fulfilment of Sacred Prophecy. By GEORGE SMITH, F. A. S."

MR. BLACKADER (13 Paternoster Row, London) is publishing in monthly parts a new edition of the "Authorized Version of the Bible." This edition is framed on the model of the Chronological New Testament, favourably noticed in this journal last year, under the conviction that something could be done to make our invalua ble English Version more intelligible to devout students of the Word of God, by some little helps in arrangement and printing." These helps were as follows:I. The Text was newly divided into Paragraphs and Sections; II. Dates and Places of transactions were marked; III The Translators' Marginal Renderings were given; IV. The Parallel Illustrative Passages were quoted at length; V. Quotations from the Old Testament were printed in capitals. In the present edition these improvements have been more completely carried out. And, in addition, the following have been attempted to be given:I. The most Important Variations of the Versions, viz.: the Chaldee Paraphrases, Samaritan, Septuagint, Syriae, Vulgate, Arabic, Persic, and Ethiopic. II. Critical Notes from the best sources, Continental and British. The object has been to explain as clearly and thoroughly as possible all difficult passages, and thus to put the English reader in possession of those helps which modern research and scholarship have produced. III. Elucidations from Modern Discoveries and Travels. Great attention has been paid to the Geography and History of the Bible; and the best and most recent sources of information have been consulted-all which sources are carefully given.

PROPOSALS have been issued (by Jackson and Walford, 18 St. Paul's Church-yard, London) for the publication, by subscription, of "First Lines of Christian Theology, in the form of a Syllabus, prepared for the use of the Students in the Academy at Homerton; with large additions and elucidations by the author, the late Jons PYE SMITH, D. D., LL. D., F. R. S., Fifty Years Tutor of Homerton College; edited from the original manuscripts, with some additional notes and references, and copious indexes, by William Farrer, LL. B., Secretary and Librarian of New College, London." The work will appear in one large volume, 8vo., price twelve shillings (sterling). For more than thirty years before his death, Dr. Smith adopted the method of oral lecturing upon the Syllabus, which he was thus led to enrich with a body of the most valuable additions, expansions, and annotations. A considerable portion of the work was completely

re-written. The volume, therefore, contains ample, though condensed, discussions of the topics which might be expected to occur in such a work.

THE Catholic controversy waxes hotter in England. New books, pamphlets, and journals are daily phenomena. One of the most successful of the latter is "The Bulwark, or Reformation Journal,” edited by Rev. Dr. Cunningham, Principal of the New College, Edinburgh, which has entered upon its second year with a subscription list of thirty thousand.

THE first two volumes of Clark's "Theological Library" for 1853, were announced for publication in May, namely, Müller on the Christian Doctrine of Sin, Vol. II, and Gieseler's Ecclesiastical History, Vol. III. Thirty volumes of the series have now been issued; forming a most valuable collection of theological and Biblical liter

ature.

THE third and concluding part of that most timely and valuable little book, "The Restoration of Belief," is just announced in London. It treats of the Miracles of the Gospels considered in their relation to the principal features of the Christian Scheme.

THE Theologische Studien und Kritiken for April, 1853, contains the following articles-1. On the position of the apocryphal books of the Old Testament in the Christian canon, by Dr. Bleek; 2. On the temp tation of Christ, by F. W. Laufs; 3. An apology for Heathenism and attack on Christianity, (a curions article, written by the Brahmin Mora Bhatta Dandekara, and translated into English by Wilson, in Bombay, 1832 ;) 3. Systematic and Practical Theology, by Dr. Kienlen, (a brief paper fixing the logical position of apologetics and polemics in the circle of theological science;) 4. A Review of the second part of Hasse's Anselm of Canterbury, by Kling; 5. A Review of Dittmar's "Geschichte der Welt vor und nach Christus," by Kayser; 6. On the effect of the plans of Church-order by Bugenhagen, in the development of the German Church and culture, by C. F. Jäger, of Tübingen; 7. Programme of the Hague Society for the defence of the Christian religion, for 1852.

IN 1843 Professor HASSE, of Bonn, published the first volume of his "Anselm von Canterbury," containing the life of Anselm. Following literally the Horatian rule nonum prematur in annum, he has just issued the second volume, containing Die Lehre Anselm's, (Leipzig, 1852, pp. 663,)

which is characterized by Dr. Kling, in the Studien und Kritiken, as a μνῆμα ἐς aɛí; combining a most thorough search into the sources, with a clear and sound historical knowledge and judgment, and a just and adequate appreciation of Anselm's theology. It is an indispensable book to all engaged in such studies.

WE have received (but have not had time to examine thoroughly) "Das Hohelied Salomonis ausgelegt von E. W. Hengstenberg," (The Song of Solomon, interpreted by Professor Hengstenberg, Berlin, 1853, 8vo. ; pp. 264,) which, besides the exposition, contains four supplementary dissertations:-1. On the unity of the Song; 2. On its author; 3. On its historical starting-point; and 4. On the two methods of interpreting it-the literal and the spiritual. We have also received the first part of the second and enlarged edition of "Die Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften Neuen Testaments, von EDWARD REUSS." (Braunschweig: 1853; Svo., pp. 265.)

THE "Thirteenth Annual Report of the Wesleyan Committee of Education," (London: 1853; 8vo., pp. 191,) is a formidable document, indicative of the weight of its contents. It furnishes abundant proof of the vitality of Wesleyan Methodism, that it can carry on so vast a system of public instruction as that detailed in this report, during the very heat and pressure of the disturbances which have of late years agitated the connexion. Still more significant is a recent movement for the es

tablishment of a "Connexional Relief and Extension Fund," on that grand scale of operation which Methodism seems to delight in, both in England and America. At a meeting of Wesleyan ministers and gentlemen from various parts of the kingdom, assembled at the Centenary Hall, Bishopsgate-street, London, April 22d and 23d, the Rev. John Scott, President of the Conference, in the chair, it was unanimously agreed that measures should forthwith be taken to raise by subscription a Connexional Relief and Extension Fund, to be devoted, under the direction of a special committee, to the following objects :--The payment of the debts at present existing on the various connexional funds, with a provision for facilitating the operation of the plans adopted at the meeting to prevent the recurrence of similar debts in future; and the reduction, according to plans to be hereafter determined by the committee above-mentioned, of debts upon the chapels of the

Connexion, with a provision for facilitating the erection of new chapels in important and destitute places. For these important objects it was proposed that the sum of one hundred thousand pounds at least should be raised, over ten thousand pounds of which were subscribed in two days! Two years are allowed for the completion of the undertaking.

LETTER FROM PROFESSOR JACOBI.

Königsberg, March, 1853.

THE Controversy concerning the continuation or dissolution of the union in the Established Church of Prussia has extended still further during the last three months. A great many clergymen, even of the province of Pommerania, the principal seat of exact Lutheranism, have, in petitions sent to the Church-government, declared themselves in favour of upholding the Union between Lutherans and Reformed. The "Oberkirchenrath" (Supreme Ecclesiastical Court) is of opinion, that the Union should be represented at least in the supreme court of the Church, so as not to allow any one to enter it without admitting the provision that it shall contain both Lutheran and Reformed members, and agreeing to the common administration by the Plenum of the Oberkirchenrath. So it has also willingly admitted as a member, Dr. Nitzsch, who, like most of the friends of the Union, considers the agreement of the Lutheran and Reformed confessions as the symbolic basis of the Church. The united congregations of the Rhine province have been reassured concerning the right of their united existence.

And this was a very wise and very necessary decision; for these congregations arose amidst a predominantly Catholic population, by the uniting of Lutherans and Reformed into one congregation. A dissolution of the Union would threaten also these congregations with dissolution. Meanwhile the opponents of the Union have not been inactive. They met in some provincial and one general assembly at Wittenberg, (Sept. 28-30, 1852,) where a great zeal was manifested, exhibiting more of Lutheranism than of Christianity. To the theological faculties-men who have deserved of the Church more than any of the assistants at that assembly-they have answered with strong invectives and weak reasonings; some have seen in the declarations in favour of the Union open apostasy from the Church, as they likewise formerly contended that the Union was revolution, and that love for the Church and the native country was only found with the most

rigid Lutherans or Reformed. They demand from the Oberkirchenrath, above all other things, the establishment of a Lutheran senate in that court, and the abolition of the ecclesiastical constitution, issued for the evangelical congregations, as containing too many democratic enactments, whilst they overrate the ministry in a way rather Catholic than Protestant. The Oberkirchenrath resists the former demand; but as to the execution of the ecclesiastical constitution, it has long ago made it dependent on the free will of the pastors, patrons, and congregations. The constitution has been introduced in the most suspected part of the monarchy-in two hundred and fifty congregations-and the result has been favourable beyond all expectation.

The newly-elected elders have felt the obligation resting upon them to take the lead by a Christian life and frequent attendance at church. They have introduced a stricter discipline, and a more attentive ministering to the wants of the poor, and in this and other respects obstacles have been overcome in a short time, against which the pastors had long struggled in vain. A new interest in the gospel begins to awaken. Some of the congregations in the farthest north-east have been very much injured by Rationalism, for the University of Königsberg, where Kant had his seat, fostered Rationalistic views in clergymen and teachers. But other congregations have preserved Christianity in traditional, and, more or less, living forms. To those who uphold a high degree of Christian piety, belong the Lithuanian people, of which a considerable remnant here still exists. rated from the modern unchristian influences by distance, language, and little cultivation, it has retained all its patriarchal piety. The state government and the University of Königsberg take care of the education of preachers who are able to preach to them in the Lithuanian language, which is still at least the language of the Church. In these Prussian countries, near the boundaries of Russia, the Baptists are very active in spreading their sect. Here is the home of many Mennonites, a sect kindred to them and dwelling especially in the fruitful low countries on the Vistula. These begin now to emigrate often to Russia, where great privileges are granted to these peaceable, industrious, and wealthy settlers.

Sepa

The Irvingites, who have already descended from the climax of favour they found at Berlin, are now endeavouring to

make proselytes in these distant tracts. Two of their evangelists visited Königsberg, (1852,) but were forced by the police to quit the town. Of late, the police, seeing that the reasons for banishing them out of town were not valid, has not opposed any obstacle to their return. So one evangelist of the sect has again made his appearance at Königsberg; and since in all large towns, idle reformers, vain and confused pious people are found, there is no doubt that they will find some adherents here also.

Spicilegium Solesmense, complectens sanctorum Patrum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum anecdota hactenus opera, cur. Dom. T. B. Pitra, ord. S. Bened., Monacho e congregatione Gallica. Tom. primus, (auctores sæculo V. antiquiores.) Paris: 1852.

I wish to direct your attention to a work which I cannot myself as yet fully characterize to you, but which, by all that I know of it, manifests already its great importance. The learned French Benedictine, M. Pitra, has, with that assiduity which always distinguished his order, compiled a large work, which is a worthy continuation of the great collections of Mabillon and Montfaucon, and which, in recent times, has been surpassed only by the treasures brought forth from the Vatican library by Angelo Mai. The libraries of Great Britain, France, and Belgium, have been searched by him with great care; manuscripts, already often examined, have been again reviewed, and a rich gleaning made of ecclesiastical writers, from the first centuries to the twelfth. At present I will mention a few of the contents, reserving other portions for a future article.

The few words which are produced from a Latin translation of the letter of Clemens Romanus to the Corinthians, have little value, as also the translator cannot be ascertained; it is of interest only that he seems to translate the ambiguous expression voμn by forma. Also, two short pieces, produced by Victor of Capua, (about 550 p. Chr.,) in a Latin translation of a Greek work, (liber responsionum,) would not be much missed, the authorship of Polycarp, to whom he attributes them, being very uncertain. Of no greater importance is a millennial story of Papias, extracted from an Armenian Codex of a Convent of the MechitaIrish at Venice, and narrated already by Irenæus with by far too much importance. But it would be a very interesting circumstance, if a literal interpretation of this

very story of Papias, contained in the Prolegomena of the Spicilegium, should be a fragment of the Clavis of Helito of Sardis (170 p. Chr.) as the editor asserts, who promises to publish afterwards the whole book. Then we should know the contents of this book, mentioned by Eusebius, and understand its name: it would be, as far as we know, the first Biblical lexicographic essay in the Church; a noteworthy testimonial of the scientific tendencies of the Church of Asia Minor in the second century. The expressions of Papias are understood figuratively, the vineyard as the Church, &c. To Irenæus M. Pitra, according to the manuscript, attributes a Syrian fragment, which, together with the other Syrian codices, has been brought recently to the British Museum from the Egyptian convents. It contains a description of the person and of the work of Christ, and there is nothing in it that could not have been said by Irenæus. His authorship is somewhat confirmed by the reappearing of the same fragment in an Armenian manuscript at Venice, which also attributes it to Irenæus: but the text has been made more uncertain by it; for the Armenian has amplified the same subject. This very matter is treated of in another Syrian piece attributed to him, which is as it were an enlargement of the second article of the Apostles' Creed; it is distinguished from the other, especially by the antitheses, in which the predicates of Christ are enumerated. It is noteworthy that the author states, explicitly in both pieces, that he gives only what is taught by Holy Writ. There is in it no appeal at all to ecclesiastical tradition, which the Roman Church likes so much to support by the authority of Irenæus.

The editor joins to this a prologue to the five books of Irenæus Advers. Haeres., which he attributes, by a not unhappy accommodation, to the deacon Florus, of Lyon, in the ninth century; evidence concerning it cannot be obtained, and the piece does not deserve much inquiry in this regard. In the appendix M. Pitra adds a fragment of a practical explanation of Matthew xx, 21, evidently a part of a larger practical exegetical work; the Armenian manuscript calls Irenæus the author, but which he thinks rightly is very doubtful. With still more certainty the fragments of Justinus Martyr, which are contained in the Antirrheticos of Nicephorus, may be considered as spurious. Some pieces will also remain uncertain, attributed to Hip

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