Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design

activity adjacent apartment buildings apartment units architects Breukelen Houses Bronx Bronxdale Bronxdale Houses Brownsville Houses building types central City Housing Authority Clason Point Co-op City Code courts create crime and vandalism crime rates criminal defined density developments double-loaded corridor dwelling units Dyke Houses entrance families felonies fire stairs floor Floor area ratio Francis Square front groups high-rise buildings Housing Authority Police housing projects I. M. Pei incidents income individual interior interviews land lobby located low-income ment middle-income modifications neighborhood parking area patio patrol percent Photo by author physical design physical variables Plan play areas population problem project grounds prototype Pruitt-Igoe public areas public housing public street rear residential environment residents result Riverbend row-house semiprivate serve shared slabs social stairwell Stapleton Houses statistical surrounding surveillance territorial three-story tion units per acre urban Van Dyke Houses victim walk-up York City Housing zones