under the word: "Braca, vel bracca-vestis fluxa, qua utebantur frigidioris plagæ homines, ad tegenda femora in primis comparata, interdum tamen ita prolixa, ut totum pæne corpus tegeret: ad femora proprie pertinuisse, tum usus, quem statim indicabimus, declarat, tum illud, quod breech, Anglis hodie partem, qua sedetur, notat, et quod britschen Germanis est nates pulsare:-braccis usos fuisse Bessos, docet Ovid. Trist 3, 10, 19., de Getis ac Sarmatis Ponti accolis idem Trist. 5, 7, 49., ac de Tomitanis, qui se Græcos colonos dicebant, Trist. 5, 10, 34., (ubi) Persica bracca, nempe hæ sunt Persarum avatupides, de Armeniis Juvenal II. 169., Gallis ita propria fuit, ut inde braccata Gallia diceretur de Sarmatis et quibusdam Germanis Lucan 1. 430. Sarmatica braccæ etiam sunt Valer. Argon. 5, 424." Forcellinus's Remarks deserve to be added: "Vestis barbarorum propria, ut Persarum, Medorum, Sarmatarum, Gallorum, Germanorum, et hujusmodi, nostris femoralibus valde similis, laxior tamen, et longior, ut quæ non femora solum, sed et crura, imo et ventrem contegat: talis putatur, quam Dalmatæ e plebe adhuc gestant: A Romanis, sicut neque a Græcis, diu adhibita non fuit; quamvis enim de Augusto narret Sueton. in ejus Vita c. lxxxii. feminalia et tibialia hieme gestasse; ea tamen non braccæ, sed fasciæ fuerunt, quibus femora et tibias involvebat, ut præter alios Casaub. eo loco pluribus docet: posterioribus tamen temporibus etiam ad Romanos transiit; scribit enim Lamprid. in Alex. Sev. c. xl. in fi. eum Imperatorem bracas albas habuisse, non coccineas, ut prius solebant, ex quo intelligitur aliquanto etiam ante braccas a Romanis gestari coeptas: qui mos postea adeo invaluit, ut latis legibus coercendus fuerit: hinc Impp. Arcad. et Honor. sanxerunt, ut nemini liceat intra Urbem braccas gestare, ut in Cod. Theodos. L. XIV. tit. 10. Leg. 2. legitur. v. Salmas. ad l. c. Lamprid." Jos. Scaliger upon Propertius L. IV. Eleg. xi. (cited above) says: " Jam Romanis vagupidas in usu fuisse tempore Licinii Imp. habes ap. Suidam AvTios: sed et Lampridius scribit Alagabalum braccas albas habuisse, non coccineas, ut solebant reliqui imperatores: quare antiquior usus braccarum Romanis fuit, quam vulgo persuasum." As to the etymology of the word braca, Hoffmann in the Lexicon Universale says from Salmas. ad Tertullian. de Pallio, p. 123. «Non Gallica vox, uti nonnulli contendunt, sed pura puta Græca." J Vossius says in the Etymologicon Ling. Lat.: "Isidoro L. XIX. c. xxii. videtur dici quod sit brevis, nempe a Græco βραχύς : aliis placet esse a ῥάκος, quod a ῥήσσω, seu ῥήγνυμι, unde ab Εustathio esse dicitur διερρωγός ἱμάτιον, vestis disrupta: Eoles, quos Romani maxime imitantur, literam B literæ p præmittunt, quando post p sequitur x, T, vel, ut purp, βρυτὴρ, ῥόδον, βρόδον, ράκος, βράχος, etc.: sed sane bracæ vox est a Gallis Belgis; quippe hodieque Belgæ, sive Germani inferiores,

eam broeck appellant, ut Cimbri brog, Britanni breache: at braca esse a Gallis clare docet Diodorus Siculus, cujus illud de Gallis, χρῶνται δὲ ἀναξυρίσιν, ἃς ἐκεῖνοι βρακας καλοῦσιν, similiter Hesychius

: quare et braca vocem Gallicam putamus, vel, si origo est Græca, vocem eam acceperint Galli a Massiliensibus, qui Græce loquebantur." To derive braca from ẞgáxos, i. e. páxos, is just as absurd, as it would be to derive our word rag from páxos, which, as Eustathius, and after him Hesychius, observes, is properly Seppwyds iuáriov." The fact is, that these are accidental coincidences, and merely prove that such words are derived from one common source, which may perhaps no longer exist.

Dr. Butler has in page 133. the following observations: "The most general name for Greece among the natives themselves was Hellas, and the people were called Hellenes, but even this term did not comprise the inhabitants of Macedonia and Epirus: the poets, however, used, by synecdoche, to put the names of several small tribes for the whole body of the nation. The most usual term in Homer is Achai and Danai, and sometimes Argivi: they were also called Pelasgi, from an ancient nation of that name in Thessaly; Iones, Dores, and Eoles, from the inhabitants of particular districts: Attica was the original seat of the Ionians, the Peloponnese the principal seat of the Dorians, and Thessaly the original country of the Eolians. The word Hellenes occurs only once in Homer Il. ii. 648. where it is used not as a generic, but a specific name of the inhabitants of that part of Thessaly called Hellas; and what is also remarkable, the word Gracia was not legally recognised by the Romans, who, from their having subdued the last bulwark of Græcian liberty, the Achæan confederacy, reduced Greece into a Roman province called Achaia: the name of Gracia, however, was sufficiently familiar among the Romans in writing and conversation."

In page 138. Dr. B. says:

"South of Sicyon, in the interior, was the city of Phlius, which still preserves its name in Staphlica. The addition of Sta, or Stan, is common in modern Greek names, being a corruption of is Tà, or is Tàv: thus Constantinople is called Stambol, or is tàv módɩv.”

In page 172. we have the following note:

"The places, which contended for the birth-place of Homer, are enumerated in those well-known lines,

Septem urbes certant de stirpe insignis Homeri,

Smyrna, Rhodos, Còlophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athenæ ;

of these, Chios and Smyrna have the best claim.-I am not one of those, who doubt his existence. The uniformity of plan and diction convinces me that the Iliad, with possibly a small exception, is the work of one man. The Odyssey I attribute to different hands, and to a somewhat later, but very early age."

The lines quoted by Dr. B. are tame and insipid, when they are compared with the subsequent lines, which have some spirit, Smyrna, Rhodos, Colophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athena, Orbis de patria certat, Homere, tua.

In page 217. when Dr. Butler is speaking of Tigranocerta, he adds the following note:

"Horace has been thought to allude to it in his story of the soldier of Lucullus, who, having been robbed of his accumulated savings,

Præsidium regale loco dejicit [dejecit], ut aiunt,

Summe munito et multarum divile rerum:

Hor. Epist. 11. ii. 30.

but I cannot think this interpretation sufficiently authorised by the words of the poet."

Now as the fact is admitted that Lucullus found an immense treasure in Tigranocerta, which was a place of great strength, it is very natural to suppose that Horace intended to imply this place by the epithet regale, regale prasidium, and so Cruquius thought for this very reason, for he says at the words, Videtur signifi care Tigranocertam, de qua sic Appianus in Mithridaticis: Íta Tigranocerta capta ingenti præda ditavit exercitum, utpote urbs recens condita, ambitiose contractis undique incolis, etc; and after Cruquius, Baxter, whose words are, "Mithridatis præsidium quod Tigranocertæ erat, uti ex Dione ostendit Cruquius." But Baxter should have said not ex Dione, but ex Appiano; for Cruquius quotes Dio only to show that this capital went by another name, Hanc autem Dio L. 35. ad finem nominat Nisibim, Beda L. de Rerum Natura Niniven. The Vetus Commentator, whom Cruquius edited, it is true, does not seem to have understood Tigranocerta, Velut furibundi expugnarunt quoddam præsidium, ubi erant thesauri Mithridatis.

In page 237. Dr. Butler gives us the following note, when he is speaking of the Libyan Deserts:

"I cannot avoid quoting a sublime passage in the first part of the Botanic Garden of the late Dr. Darwin, descriptive of the invading army of Cambyses overwhelmed by those mighty columns of sand, which may be called the waves, or rather, the moving mountains, of the desert,

Wave over wave the driving desert swims,

Bursts o'er their heads, inhumes their struggling limbs.

And one great earthy ocean covers all.

Then ceased the storm,-Night bowed his Ethiop brow
To earth, and listened to the groans below

*

awhile the living hill

Heaved with convulsive throes-and all was still.

Botanic Garden, Pt. I. Canto 1. v. 489."

I

REPUBLICATION OF CASTELL'S ETHIOPIC

LEXICON.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE CLASSICAL JOURNAL.

PERCEIVE with much pleasure the obliging manner in which you admit the occasional queries of your numerous correspondents; and I therefore offer no apology for requesting you to insert the following lines.

I have in contemplation the publication of a new edition of Dr. E. Castell's Ethiopic Lexicon, to be extracted from his valuable "Lexicon Heptaglotton;" with the addition of an Ethiopie Grammar. It is natural, that in undertaking so arduous a task, I should be desirous of learning the opinions of scholars more able than myself concerning its expediency; and indeed I should conceive it highly blameable to rely only on my own opinion, or that of a few partial friends. I shall, therefore, be much obliged by any communications on the subject, whether anonymous or acknowleged; and request that they may be made through the medium of your Journal. To those gentlemen, who will so favor me, I shall consider myself much indebted; and while I shall think myself honored by the attention of every one, if Sir W. Drummond should think the subject worthy of his notice, any communication from him will be peculiarly acceptable.

TIRO ETHIOPICUS

London, Sept. 1813.

On the Repetition of certain Words; applied to the Illustration of ENGLISH, LATIN, and GREEK WRITERS, and of the NEW TESTAMENT.'

IN

N many of our best English writers, both ancient, and modern, the conjunction that is repeated, and the repetition seems to have arisen from the large intervention of matter between the first, and

We have received the following Remarks from a distinguished Scholar, and shall be always proud to insert Communications from the same able pen.-EDIT.

the second. I know not whether those writers were conscious of the repetition, or whether they employed it for the sake of perspicuity. But the practice was, indisputably, frequent, nor should I think it necessary to produce instances from any other writer, except Mr. Gibbon, who was eminently distinguished by his diligence and his skill in the structure of his sentences.

It may not be uninteresting to the learned reader to be reminded that a similar repetition is to be found in Latin writers; and, perhaps, the best way of illustrating and supporting the fact, is to produce the instances, in which it occurs, and the very terms, in which it is noticed by acute and judicious critics. There are three instances in the Noctes Attica of Aulus Gellius: "Eundem equum tali fuisse fato sive fortuna ferunt, ut quisquis haberet eum possideretque, ut is cum omni domo, familia, fortunisque omnibus suis ad internecionem deperiret." L. iii. c. 9. Gronovius in a note upon this passage cites the other two instances: "Athenienses caverant, ut qui Megaris civis esset, si intulisse Athenas pedem prehensus esset, ut ea res homini capitalis esset." L. vi. c. 10. « Ut quoniam æstus oceani cum lunæ curriculo congruit, negotium quoque alicujus, etc. ut existimemus id negotium quasi habena quadam de coelo vinctum gubernari." L. xiv. c. 1. In the course of my own reading I had often met with a similar usage in Livy, and had marked it: I was glad to find that it had not escaped the sagacity of Gronovius: several of the examples, which he points out, had previously struck my own mind; but on this occasion I shall avail myself of his references, as well as my own, and for the benefit of the reader, who may not have access to the notes of that great critic, I will set before him a series of examples. "Tibur diem ad conveniendum edixit, edictoque proposito, ut, quibus oppida castellaque inmunita essent, uti in loca tuta commigrarent." Livius, Lib. XXII. c. xi. "Id Livio familiarissimum est," says Drakenborch, "ut post quædam interposita particulam ut ex abundanti repetat: ita v. 21. Precatus esse, ut, si cui Deorum hominumque nimia sua fortuna populique Rom. videretur, ut eam invidiam lenire, etc. liceret.' xxxiv. 3. Ut, quam accepistis, jussistis suffragiis vestris legem, quam usu tot annorum et experiendo comprobatis, hanc ut abrogetis.' C. 56. Adjecerunt etiam, ut socii nominis Latini, qui in exercitu P. Cornelii, T. Sempronii fuissent, et dimissi ab iis consulibus essent, ut convenirent.' xlv. 16. Decrevit Senatus, ut, quoniam perduelles superati etc, essent, ut dona etc. curarent danda.' viii. 6. Ut, si quando unquam severo ullum imperio bellum administratum esset, tunc uti militaris disciplina ad priscos redigeretur mores."" Duker, in his note on this last passage, refers to Cicero: "Tantum te oro, ut, quoniam me ipsum sem VOL. VIII. Cl. Jl. NO. XVI.

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